The concentration of hypoxanthine and lactate in the blood of healthy and hypoxic newborns

Jung, Daun; Lun, Andreas; Zinsmeyer, J; Grauel, Ernst Ludwig; Gross, Johann

doi:10.1515/jpme.1985.13.1.43

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The hypoxanthine concentrations in cord blood of neonates after normal gestation and birth was similar to those found in neonates on the first day of life [7,9]. There was a considerable difference in the concentration of hypoxanthine we found in plasma from umbilical blood and that reported by other authors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Some authors have found a significant correlation between the concentration of hypoxanthine in blood from the scalp or the umbilical cord vessels of fetuses or neonates directly after delivery and biochemical parameters of hypoxia such as pH, base deficit, lactate concentration, Apgar score, and clinical hypoxia scores [8,16,17]. Other authors have found no such relationship [7,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The relationship of hypoxia to hypoxanthine concentration during pregnancy and delivery

Issel

Lun²,

Pohle³

et al. 1988

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of hypoxia to hypoxanthine concentration during pregnancy and delivery

Issel

Lun²,

Pohle³

et al. 1988

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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“…It should be men tioned that the high correlation coefficient found between blood lactate concentrations and pH in the control and hypoxic newborns (-0.980; p < 0.005 and -0.926; p < 0.05, respectively), together with the changes ob served in blood Pco2 suggest that acidosis is mainly due to the increase in lactate concen trations. In agreement with the result found in the human newborn [20], a significant corre lation (r = 0.93; p < 0.02) is observed between blood 'xanthines' and lactate concentrations in the hypoxic newborn rat ( fig. 1, 2).…”

Section: Animalssupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of Postnatal Hypoxia on Ammonia Metabolism during the Early Neonatal Period in the Rat

Vicario‐Abejón

Juanes²,

Martín‐Barrientos³

et al. 1990

Neonatology

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The effect of experimental hypoxia on blood glutamine, glutamate, urea, ammonia, allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine, urate, orotate and lactate concentrations and on P_O2, P_CO2 and, pH m term delivered newborn rats during the first 4 h after delivery were studied. Hypoxia increased blood glutamine, glutamate, allantoin and ‘xanthines’ (hypoxanthine + xanthine + uric acid) concentrations but decreased blood urea and ammonia concentrations. These results suggest that hypoxia inhibited ureogenesis by decreasing the ammonia available for urea synthesis.

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“…The correlation between hypoxanthine and lactate in eight hypoxic babies was r = 0.64, p < 0.001) (68). High hypoxanthine levels were measured in preterm babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and with congenital heart lesions (69,70).…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypoxanthine as an Indicator of Hypoxia: Its Role in Health and Disease through Free Radical Production

Saugstad¹

1988

Pediatr Res

374

206

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Hypoxia is a common insult during the perinatal and neonatal period. New and better ways to evaluate hypoxia are needed. In 1975 we demonstrated high concentrations of the purine metabolite hypoxanthine in umbilical cord plasma after intrauterine hypoxia and proposed that hypoxanthine could be used as an indicator of hypoxia (1). Since then a large number of studies have been published dealing with different aspects of hypoxanthine in hypoxia. However, investigators in this field have encountered several methodologic problems: 1) Hypoxanthine leaks rapidly from erythrocytes (2, 3); if plasma is not separated promptly from red cells, falsely elevated plasma hypoxanthine concentrations will be found. 2) There are large variations in purine metabolism among species. 3) No clear definition of clinical hypoxia is available. Many authors do not distinguish between the terms hypoxemia and hypoxia, which adds to the confusion. We define tissue hypoxia as: "oxygen deficiency resulting in altered or interrupted energy metabolism" (4). It is important to be aware that hypoxia has two stages. In the first stage it is compensated because the cells are able to meet energy demands through anaerobic metabolism and other mechanisms. (We are not dealing with physiologic adaptation to hypoxia.) In the second stage of hypoxia or uncompensated hypoxia, energy demands are not met and cell injury ensues. At present there are no techniques for distinguishing between these two stages in clinical medicine, and such a distinction would be useful. Theoretically hypoxanthine should only be elevated in uncompensated hypoxia, while pH and lactate changes occur in compensated hypoxia. It seems, however, that hypoxanthine is also elevated to some extent in uncompensated hypoxia.Renewed interest in hypoxanthine developed when it was realized that hypoxanthine is a potential free radical generator (5, 6). Hypoxanthine seems to play a role in posthypoxic reoxygenation cell injury through oxygen radical production (7) and is therefore involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Hypoxanthine also modulates a number of other processes because it reacts with benzodiazepine receptors (8) and inhibits phosphodiesterase in the brain (9). Hypoxanthine inhibits the effect of several cytotoxic drugs and may therefore influence treatment with such drugs (10).Herein we summarize the extensive literature on hypoxanthine published during the last decade and try to answer the question: How useful in clinical medicine are hypoxanthine measurements in plasma and other body fluids? Is hypoxanthine a better marker of hypoxia than lactate or pH? Further, we discuss the significance of hypoxanthine as a potential oxygen radical generator and put forward a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of an "oxygen radical disease in neonatology". In hypoxia there is an accelerated breakdown of AMP to hypoxanthine. Figure 1 illustrates several important aspects of hypoxanthine metabolism in hypoxia. Normally about 90% of the hypoxanthine formed is reutilized through the sa...

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The concentration of hypoxanthine and lactate in the blood of healthy and hypoxic newborns

Abstract: Jung cl al., Hypoxanthine and lactate in newborns 43

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

The relationship of hypoxia to hypoxanthine concentration during pregnancy and delivery

The relationship of hypoxia to hypoxanthine concentration during pregnancy and delivery

Effect of Postnatal Hypoxia on Ammonia Metabolism during the Early Neonatal Period in the Rat

Hypoxanthine as an Indicator of Hypoxia: Its Role in Health and Disease through Free Radical Production

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