“…The above-mentioned damage induces the production of inflammatory mediators such as inflammatory factors, chemokines, and adhesion factors (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, CCL2, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and P-selectin), which help recruit leukocytes to the kidney. Neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes infiltrate the injury site ( McWilliam et al, 2021 ). In addition, oxidative stress can promote inflammation, and cell damage caused by inflammation further aggravates oxidative stress ( Tucker et al, 2015 ).…”