The complete structure of the rat VIP gene

Giladi, Eliezer; Shani, Yael; Gozes, Illana

doi:10.1016/0169-328x(90)90036-d

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…While glucocorticoid receptors have been shown to be present on the VIP-containing cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [27], similar information is not available regarding the VIP-expressing cells in the cerebral cortex and anterior pituitary. Further more, no data are available regarding the presence or ab sence of the nucleotide sequence [28] for canonical gluco corticoid responsive elements in the 5'-flanking sequence of the rat VIP gene promotor [29]. Whether glucocorti coids directly control the transcription of the VIP gene through a receptor-mediated mechanism remains to be elucidated by further studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Effects of Glucocorticoid on the Gene Expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Rat Cerebral Cortex and Pituitary

Lam¹,

Srivastava²,

Tam³

1992

Neuroendocrinology

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We investigated the effects of glucocorticoid on the expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene, a neuropeptide and an established prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor, in the rat brain and pituitary. The mRNA and peptide contents of VIP in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary of male Sprague-Dawley rats were quantitated 4 weeks after adrenalectomy or sham-operation. Following adrenalectomy, VIP mRNA content increased in the anterior pituitary but showed no significant change in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. Dexamethasone treatment for 10 days abolished the effect of adrenalectomy and decreased significantly pituitary VIP mRNA content in sham-operated rats. In the cerebral cortex, however, dexamethasone treatment resulted in an enhancement in VIP mRNA levels in both sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals. Hypothalamic VIP mRNA content remained unchanged. These changes in VIP mRNA levels were accompanied by parallel changes in VIP concentrations in the tissues studied, suggesting that glucocorticoid regulates the synthesis of VIP in the cerebral cortex and anterior pituitary. On the other hand, serum PRL level increased after adrenalectomy but became suppressed following dexamethasone administration, in parallel with changes in pituitary VIP synthesis. These findings suggest that the effect of glucocorticoid on PRL secretion may be mediated, at least in part, via changes in VIP synthesis and secretion. We conclude that glucocorticoid regulates the expression of VIP in the rat brain, resulting in divergent changes in the cerebral cortex and pituitary. Changes in VIP synthesis and secretion may contribute to the disturbances in brain function and PRL secretion in conditions of glucocorticoid excess.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Effects of Glucocorticoid on the Gene Expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Rat Cerebral Cortex and Pituitary

Lam¹,

Srivastava²,

Tam³

1992

Neuroendocrinology

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“…However, since the induction of VIP after axotomy is reduced only by 60-70% in LIF-deficient mice as compared to the operated wild-type SCG, other factor(s) in addition to LIF are likely to be involved. The mechanism by which cytokines induce VIP expression are currently elucidated: as deduced from studies on rat sensory neurons (Dobson et al, 19941, VIP gene transcription may be increased via activation of cellular transcription factors that bind to a cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) located in the 5'-flanking region of the rat VIP gene (Giladi et al, 1990).…”

Section: Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Nip) Vip Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization, regulation and functions of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in cervical sympathetic ganglia

Klimaschewski

Kummer

Heym

1996

Microsc. Res. Tech.

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“…Two days after bilateral guide tube implantation (day 7), VIP antisense or random sequence oligos (0.5 g in 0.5 l of saline per side; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) were infused over a 4 min interval at 0800 h through cannulas implanted bilaterally in the guide tubes. The antisense oligonucleotides were 20 nucleotides in length complementary to the cap site (5Ј-GCTCTGCA-CTACAACCTGAC-3Ј) and translation start site (5Ј-TTGCTTCT-GGATTCCATCTC-3Ј) of the rat VIP mRNA (Giladi et al, 1990). Control oligonucleotides had the same ATGC content as antisense oligonucleotides but in random order that had no significant homology to any known peptide localized in the SCN.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Leads to Aging-Like Alterations in cAMP Rhythms and Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons

Gerhold¹,

Rosewell²,

Wise³

2005

J. Neurosci.

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Input from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is critical to the occurrence of regular cyclic GnRH secretion. It is thought that an essential neuropeptide in the SCN that communicates this cyclic information to GnRH neurons is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and that it may act through cAMP. We tested the hypothesis that (1) aging involves a blunting of cAMP diurnal rhythmicity in the SCN; (2) administration of antisense oligonucleotides (anti-oligos) against VIP, which produces an aging-like pattern in VIP, would lead to an aging-like suppression of cAMP; and (3) this in turn would lead to inhibition of the steroid-induced activation of GnRH neurons. We measured cAMP concentrations in the SCN and rostral preoptic nucleus throughout the day in young and middle-aged rats that were ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX and treated with estradiol.Our results show that cAMP concentrations exhibit a diurnal rhythm in young rats, and that this rhythm is totally abolished by the time rats are middle age. Administration of antisense oligonucleotides against VIP or random oligos suppresses VIP concentrations and abolishes the cAMP rhythm, leading to significantly reduced activation of GnRH neurons. Together, these findings strongly suggest that the SCN conveys diurnal information to GnRH neurons by driving VIP-dependent cAMP rhythms. In addition, aging involves deterioration in this VIP-driven rhythmicity, which impacts the ability of steroids to induce GnRH neuronal activation.

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The complete structure of the rat VIP gene

Cited by 46 publications

References 23 publications

Divergent Effects of Glucocorticoid on the Gene Expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Rat Cerebral Cortex and Pituitary

Divergent Effects of Glucocorticoid on the Gene Expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Rat Cerebral Cortex and Pituitary

Localization, regulation and functions of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in cervical sympathetic ganglia

Suppression of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Leads to Aging-Like Alterations in cAMP Rhythms and Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons

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