The complete analysis of oxytetracycline pharmacokinetics in farmed Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract

Lack of dosing information of the major antibiotics known as oxytetracycline (OTC) for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) could have harmful impact on aquaculture in Thailand. The aim of this study was to detail complete pharmacokinetic information of OTC in the Pacific white shrimp. Sixty-four male L. vannamei weighing 14-22 g with carapace length of 2.30-3.00 cm in the standardized moulting stage of C-D(0) were used for the investigations. Single dose, 10 microg/g body weight OTC solution was administered intra-sinusally (i.s.), and the shrimps were then sampled in three replicates at time intervals of 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 170, 336 and 504 h postdose. OTC levels with time intervals in biological matrices including the hemolymph, abdominal muscle, and digestive gland of each sample were determined by validated high-performance liquid chromatography, and were analyzed with noncompartment and compartment models. A simplified two-compartment model was employed rather than a more complicated model, with additional digestive compartment if necessary. A significant portion of the OTC was found in the digestive glands, even though the OTC was administered i.s. The model indicated that the OTC was thus not only distributed into the tissue compartment, but also to the digestive gland, from where it was eliminated from the shrimp's body. The dispositional half-lives of all compartments was found to be 14-21 h. Approximately 60% of the drug elimination took place in digestive gland, which is proposed to be the major route of elimination.

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxytetracycline in vannamei shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and the effect of processing on the residues in muscle and shell

“…Consequently, it is still difficult to deduce the factor affecting the type of model applicable. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters of intra-sinus injection in the present study were in general agreement with those reported by Chiayvareesajja et al (2006) (Table 3). The distribution half-life of OTC in P. vannamei (0.21 h) was similar to that in P. monodon reported as 0.20 h (Uno et al 2006), while it is much shorter than that in P. japonicus Reed et al 2004).…”

“…Previous pharmacokinetic studies of OTC after intrasinus administration have been also analyzed by a two-compartment model in white shrimp (Penaeus (Litopenaeus) setiferus), kuruma shrimp (Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus) and P. monodon (Reed et al 2004;Sangrungruang et al 2004;Uno 2004;Uno et al 2006). In P. vannamei, the target species in this study, Chiayvareesajja et al (2006) have demonstrated both a two-and three-compartment models for OTC levels in hemolymph after intra-sinus dosing and made use of a two-compartment model for simplicity. On the other hand, Faroongsarng et al (2007) argued that OTC pharmacokinetics in shrimp may be modeled as a three-compartment system, including central (hemolymph), digestive (hepatopancreas) and peripheral compartments, rather than two.…”

“…It has potential for use in farm-raised shrimp for the treatment of vibriosis like Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. There are many studies on the pharmacokinetics and residues of OTC in marine and freshwater shrimp (Mohney et al 1997;Bermúdez-Almada et al 1999;Brillantes et al 2001;Uno 2002Uno , 2004Sangrungruang et al 2004;Reed et al 2004Reed et al , 2006Weifen et al 2004;Uno et al 2006;Poapolathep et al 2008a, b), but limited information of OTC dispositions in P. vannamei is available (Chiayvareesajja et al 2006;Nogueira-Lima et al 2006;Faroongsarng et al 2007;Gómez-Jimenez et al 2008). …”

Biodegradation of oxytetracycline by Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium: a mycoremediation technique

“…Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antimicrobial drug widely used in intensive farming to treat enteric and respiratory diseases [1,2]. Due to oral administration and its pharmacokinetic, OTC dosage is in the range of g kg −1 medicated feeds and it is found in animal waste at concentrations of mg kg −1 [3].…”

Effects of pesticides and antibiotics on penaeid shrimp with special emphases on behavioral and biomarker responses

“…Unlike vertebrates, for which metabolism and excretion of drugs take place in separate organs such as the liver and kidney, shrimp possess only a hepatopancreas, which plays several roles, such as collection, metabolism, and excretion of antibiotics [62]. Chiayvareesajja et al [63] proposed the hepatopancreas to be the major route for OTC elimination (60%) in whiteleg shrimp. There is little information on OTC content in the hepatopancreas possibly because of the complexity of the tissue, as stated by Reed et al [60].…”