The comparative effectiveness of three commercial oral solutions in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances caused by calf diarrhoea

Michell, A.R.; Brooks, Harriet; White, DG; Wagstaff, Antona J.

doi:10.1016/0007-1935(92)90006-m

Cited by 39 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This is consistent with other reports using a similar model (Leal et al, 2012). Electrolyte derange-ments in scouring calves can be variable and difficult to predict without individual analysis (Michell et al, 1992). Correction of hydration status and electrolyte loss and improving ECF volume are key components of a rehydration protocol.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparison of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement and intravenous fluid therapy for dehydration in dairy calves

Taylor

Rodenburg²,

Snider

2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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Calf scours is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the dairy industry. Effective treatments are needed to minimize death, maximize welfare, and maintain growth and productivity. The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available nutritional supplement (Diaque, Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St. Joseph, MO) and i.v. lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in rehydrating, preventing acidemia, and correcting electrolyte imbalances in an experimental model for calf scours. Twenty-four colostrum-fed suckling dairy calves were used in a modified crossover design. An osmotic diarrhea was induced by orally feeding commercial milk replacer modified with high level of sucrose to create a hypertonic milk solution, and administering oral hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone for 48 h. The intention was to create a challenge sufficient to result in moderately dehydrated, standing calves without producing severe depression or loss of suckle. The efficacy of i.v. fluid therapy and a commercial nutritional supplement were subsequently compared for reversing the effects of the diarrheal disease. Treatment A consisted of administering the nutritional supplement according to label directions (100 g in 1.9 L of warm water, 3 times a day), and treatment B consisted of i.v. LRS (2 L, once a day). Clinical signs and laboratory results were obtained once daily by a blinded observer. The induction method was effective in creating the desired effect, as demonstrated by weight loss and subjective health and hydration scores. Both treatment groups experienced increases in body weight, base excess, and bicarbonate, and decreases in total protein and packed cell volume following treatment. Both i.v. LRS and Diaque are effective methods to correct hypovolemia and control derangements in acid-base status in calves with diarrhea and dehydration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparison of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement and intravenous fluid therapy for dehydration in dairy calves

Taylor

Rodenburg²,

Snider

2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…40 An oral electrolyte solution with a high effective SID would also appear to be more appropriate to treat acidemic diarrheic calves. This recommendation is consistent with the results of 5 studies [41][42][43][44][45] indicating that administration of an oral electrolyte solution with a high effective SID (79-93 mEq/L) is more effective in correcting hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis than a solution of much lower effective SID (0-31 mEq/L).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Use of a Quantitative Strong Ion Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid—Base Abnormalities in Sick Calves with or without Diarrhea

Constable

Stämpfli

Navetat³

et al. 2005

Veterinary Internal Medicne

112

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Acid-base abnormalities are frequently present in sick calves. The mechanism for an acid-base disturbance can be characterized using the strong ion approach, which requires accurate values for the total concentration of plasma nonvolatile buffers (A tot ) and the effective dissociation constant for plasma weak acids (K a ). The aims of this study were to experimentally determine A tot , K a , and net protein charge values for calf plasma and to apply these values quantitatively to data from sick calves to determine underlying mechanisms for the observed acid-base disturbance. Plasma was harvested from 9 healthy Holstein-Friesian calves and concentrations of quantitatively important strong ions (Na ϩ , K ϩ , Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , Cl Ϫ , L-lactate) and nonvolatile buffer ions (total protein, albumin, phosphate) were determined. Plasma was tonometered with CO 2 at 37ЊC, and plasma PCO 2 and pH measured over a range of 15-159 mm Hg and 6.93-7.79, respectively. Strong ion difference (SID) was calculated from the measured strong ion concentrations, and nonlinear regression was used to estimate values for A tot and K a from the measured pH and PCO 2 and calculated SID. The estimated A tot and K a values were then validated using data from 2 in vivo studies. Mean (Ϯ SD) values for calf plasma were A tot ϭ 0.343 mmol/g of total protein or 0.622 mmol/g of albumin; K a ϭ (0.84 Ϯ 0.41) ϫ 10 Ϫ7 ; pK a ϭ 7.08. The net protein charge of calf plasma was 10.5 mEq/L, equivalent to 0.19 mEq/g of total protein or 0.34 mEq/g of albumin. Application of the strong ion approach to acid-base disturbances in 231 sick calves with or without diarrhea indicated that acidemia was due predominantly to a strong ion acidosis in response to hyponatremia accompanied by normochloremia or hyperchloremia and the presence of unidentified strong anions. These results confirm current recommendations that treatment of acidemia in sick calves with or without diarrhea should focus on intravenous or PO administration of a fluid containing sodium and a high effective SID.Key words: Calf diarrhea; D-lactic acidosis; Hyponatremia; Metabolic acidosis.A cidemia and metabolic acidosis occur commonly in sick calves with or without diarrhea. Metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves was originally attributed to fecal bonate loss as well as the presence of unidentified organic acids in plasma and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate in response to severe dehydration.1-4 These proposed mechanisms for development of metabolic acidosis were based, in part, on the presence of hyper-L-lactatemia in diarrheic calves, 1,2,5,6 hyper-L-lactatemia and extensive loss of bicarbonate in the watery stool of humans with cholera, 7 and from (personal communication) of a high fecal bicarbonate concentration (40 mEq/L) in 4 calves with experimentally induced enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea.c However, metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves is probably predominantly due to causes other than fecal bicarbonate loss because diarrheic calves have measured mean daily fecal losses of s...

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“…Since sodium is the osmotic skeleton of the extracellular fluid, it must be present in adequate concentration in ORS. A study comparing three ORS with different sodium concentrations in calves found that the solution with a sodium content of 120 mmol/L corrected dehydration, whereas solutions with much lower concentrations did not [14]. Even though there is little evidence that solutions with sodium concentrations > 130 mmol/L are harmful, it is generally suggested that the sodium concentration for ORS should be between 90 and 130 mmol/L [15].…”

Section: Oral Rehydration Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves

Lorenz

Fagan²,

2011

Ir Vet J

117

113

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Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. The second of this three part review series considers the management of diarrhoeic diseases in pre-weaned calves. In neonatal calf diarrhoea, oral rehydration therapy is the single most important therapeutic measure to be carried out by the farmer and is usually successful if instigated immediately after diarrhoea has developed. Continued feeding of milk or milk replacer to diarrhoeic calves is important, to prevent malnourishment and weight loss in affected calves. Indiscriminative antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated diarrhoea is discouraged, whereas systemically ill calves can benefit from systemic antibiotic treatment for the prevention of septicaemia or concurrent diseases. Ancillary treatments and specific preventive measures are discussed. Eimeriosis has a high economic impact on the farming industries due to direct cost of treatment and calf losses, but especially due to decreased performance of clinically as well as sub-clinically affected animals. Emphasis lies on prophylactic or metaphylactic treatment, since the degree of damage to the intestinal mucosa once diarrhoea has developed, makes therapeutic intervention unrewarding.

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The comparative effectiveness of three commercial oral solutions in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances caused by calf diarrhoea

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

Comparison of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement and intravenous fluid therapy for dehydration in dairy calves

Comparison of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement and intravenous fluid therapy for dehydration in dairy calves

Use of a Quantitative Strong Ion Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid—Base Abnormalities in Sick Calves with or without Diarrhea

Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves

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