The Comparative Assessment of Effects on the Power System and Environment of Selected Electric Transport Means in Poland

Abstract

Currently, electric vehicles are a rapidly growing alternative to those with combustion engines and can contribute to reduction of CO2 emissions in the transport sector, especially when the energy to power electric motors is predominantly derived from renewable sources. Until now, the comparison of environmental impact and influence of electric transport means on the power systems was not fully addressed in the case of Poland. The purpose of the study is to describe, analyse and assess electric vehicles (EV) operation against performance indicators in Poland, especially the influence of electric transport means (ETM) (electric cars, trams, trolley buses and buses) on power system and environment. The influence on the power system was investigated for the Polish National Powers system using the simulation of different scenarios of loads generated by EV charging. The energy demand of the National Power System and daily load variability indices were determined. Based on the data of ETM powers consumption and emissions of energy production, the emissions of harmful gases per one km and per one person were calculated, as well as the financial outlays for energy necessary to drive 1 km per 1 passenger. To assess and compare the environmental impact of the selected ETM life cycle, the life cycle assessment method was used. The results of environmental impacts were determined for selected assessment methods: CML 2 and IPCC 2013 GWP 100. The functional unit in this study is one selected ETM with a service life of 100,000 km. Comparison of trams, trolley buses, buses and electric passenger cars indicates that most beneficial are electric buses which do not need rails or overhead lines, thus investment costs are lower.

A New Approach to Use of Traction Power Network in Poland for Charging Electric Vehicles

“…The development of this interdisciplinary field of science and technology is possible thanks to intensively conducted scientific and research projects, social programs and marketing activities that have led to the popularization of electromobility and the increased efficiency of electric vehicles themselves, as well as the entire technical infrastructure related to the charging of built-in electric energy storage facilities in vehicles [1][2][3][4][5]. An important research aspect is to learn about the impact of the development of electromobility on changes in the functioning, structure and management of local power systems that are elements of the National Power System (in Poland-Krajowy System Elektroenergetyczny) [6,7].…”

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

“…There are a significant number of studies that have assessed the greenhouse gas emissions levels from gasoline and electric vehicles. The amount of CO2 emissions from EVs and ICEVs during the entire life cycle of the vehicles is discussed in [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The authors note that the environmental efficiency in the operation of electric transport depends on the electric energy source type.…”

Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petrol, Biodiesel and Battery Electric Vehicles in Malaysia Based on Life Cycle Approach

“…In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was completed to evaluate the action for mitigating GHG emissions in the road transport sector of Malaysia. A comparative environmental life cycle assessment has been applied to evaluate the differences in GHG emissions between Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and BEVs in Poland [6], the Czech Republic [7], Spain [8], Lithuania [9], Norway [10], Canada [11], Sweden [12], China [13], Hong Kong [14], the United States [15], Portugal [16], and Japan [17] and between petrol-powered vehicles and biodiesel-powered vehicles in Brazil [18] and France [19]. While Malaysia [20] and Indonesia [21] have been considered using a similar LCA, the number of the relevant studies in the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are limited.…”