The Combined Use of Copper Sulfate and Trichlorfon Exerts Stronger Toxicity on the Liver of Zebrafish

Abstract

In aquaculture, copper sulphate and trichlorfon are commonly used as disinfectants and insecticide, sometimes in combination. However, improper use can result in biotoxicity and increased ecological risks. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, nutrient storage, and immune function in fish. Selecting the liver as the main target organ for research helps to gain an in-depth understanding of various aspects of fish physiology, health, and adaptability. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to Cu (0.5 mg/L) and Tri (0.5 mg/L) alone and in combination for 21 days. The results demonstrate that both Cu and Tri caused hepatocyte structure damage in zebrafish after 21 days of exposure, with the combination showing an even greater toxicity. Additionally, the antioxidant and immune enzyme activities in zebrafish liver were significantly induced on both day 7 and day 21. A transcriptome analysis revealed that Cu and Tri, alone and in combination, impacted various physiological activities differently, including metabolism, growth, and immunity. Overall, Cu and Tri, either individually or in combination, can induce tissue damage by generating oxidative stress in the body, and the longer the exposure duration, the stronger the toxic effects. Moreover, the combined exposure to Cu and Tri exhibits enhanced toxicity. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the combined use of heavy metal disinfectants and other drugs.

In Silico Assessment of Chemical Disinfectants on Surface Proteins Unveiled Dissimilarity in Antiviral Efficacy and Suitability towards Pathogenic Viruses

“…This approach has become particularly relevant given the mounting environmental concerns and economic constraints confronting healthcare systems globally. Prior studies have focused on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents, often overlooking the extensive ecological and economic implications linked to their widespread application [ 8 , 23 , 24 ]. Through the eco-pharmaco-economic analysis, nuanced distinctions among the leading antiviral chemicals were revealed.…”

Metal Toxicity: Effects on Energy Metabolism in Fish

“…After acute hypoxic stress, a study of the liver structure showed that the amount of mitochondria in hepatocytes of Trachinotus ovatus decreased, whereas intracellular ROS levels increased, and the antioxidant system was enhanced to attenuate oxidative damage [53]. In another study, transmission electron microscopy results also revealed that significant amounts of vacuolated mitochondria were observed in zebrafish hepatocytes under Cu exposure [54].…”

In-Silico Assessment of Chemical Disinfectants on Surface Proteins Unveiled Dissimilarity in Antiviral Efficacy and Suitability Towards Pathogenic Viruses

“…This approach has become particularly relevant given the mounting environmental concerns and economic constraints confronting healthcare systems globally. Prior studies have focused on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents, often overlooking the extensive ecological and economic implications linked to their widespread application [8,23,24]. Through eco-pharmaco-economic analysis, nuanced distinctions among the leading antiviral chemicals were revealed.…”