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The all-vanadium redox fl ow battery is a promising technology for large-scale renewable and grid energy storage, but is limited by the low energy density and poor stability of the vanadium electrolyte solutions. A new vanadium redox fl ow battery with a signifi cant improvement over the current technology is reported in this paper. This battery uses sulfate-chloride mixed electrolytes, which are capable of dissolving 2.5 M vanadium, representing about a 70% increase in energy capacity over the current sulfate system. More importantly, the new electrolyte remains stable over a wide temperature range of − 5 to 50 ° C, potentially eliminating the need for electrolyte temperature control in practical applications. This development would lead to a signifi cant reduction in the cost of energy storage, thus accelerating its market penetration.

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