The Combined Effects of Thermal Burns and Whole Body X Irradiation on Survival Time and Mortality

Alpen, Edward L.; Sheline, Glenn E.

doi:10.1097/00000658-195407000-00013

Cited by 66 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Severe burns were also reported in teleost fish that were in close proximity to the detonation of the warhead in Bikini Atoll (Donaldson et al 1997). Not surprisingly, in simulated experiments, severe burns increased the rates of mammalian mortality, resulting from general physiological disturbances and secondary infection occurring 0-2 weeks "post-blast" (Brooks et al 1952;Alpen and Sheline 1954;McDonnel et al 1961). This effect was also amplified under a combined thermal and radiation exposure resulting in a severely immunocompromised, physiologically disturbed individual (Brooks et al 1952;Baxter et al 1953;Alpen and Sheline 1954;Valeriote and Baker 1964;Ledney et al 1992) similar to what is believed to occur in humans (Nishiwaki et al 2000).…”

Section: Thermal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Experimental tests of simulated and (or) actual nuclear weapons produced thermal energy exposure in rats (Alpen and Sheline 1954), dogs (Brooks et al 1952;Richmond et al 1959a), rabbits (Byrnes et al 1955;DuPont Guerry et al 1956;Ham et al 1957), and swine (Baxter et al 1953;McDonnel et al 1961;Hinshaw 1968) have generated analogous effects as seen in humans suggesting that wild mammals may have a similar burn response during a nuclear detonation. Severe burns were also reported in teleost fish that were in close proximity to the detonation of the warhead in Bikini Atoll (Donaldson et al 1997).…”

Section: Thermal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not surprisingly, in simulated experiments, severe burns increased the rates of mammalian mortality, resulting from general physiological disturbances and secondary infection occurring 0-2 weeks "post-blast" (Brooks et al 1952;Alpen and Sheline 1954;McDonnel et al 1961). This effect was also amplified under a combined thermal and radiation exposure resulting in a severely immunocompromised, physiologically disturbed individual (Brooks et al 1952;Baxter et al 1953;Alpen and Sheline 1954;Valeriote and Baker 1964;Ledney et al 1992) similar to what is believed to occur in humans (Nishiwaki et al 2000). Scaling these effects up, it would be highly likely that thermal emission exposure would result in a large die-off event in the local animal life thereby reducing local populations and, potentially, reducing local species richness over an acute timeframe (0-2 weeks).…”

Section: Thermal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While nuclear testing is devastating on an acute timescale, it may prove to be beneficial to the local ecosystem over a more chronic duration through human exclusion. Photo Credit: United States Department of Defense, 1946. induce higher mortality rates (Brooks et al 1952;Baxter et al 1953;Alpen and Sheline 1954;Valeriote and Baker 1964;Ledney et al 1992). In plants, acute radiation exposure results in tissue degradation and death under sufficiently high radioactivity levels (Sparrow and Woodwell 1962;Shields et al 1963;Rhoads and Platt 1971;Rhoads et al 1972).…”

Section: Radiation Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment

et al. 2015

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Abstract:War is an ever-present force that has the potential to alter the biosphere. Here we review the potential consequences of modern war and military activities on ecosystem structure and function. We focus on the effects of direct conflict, nuclear weapons, military training, and military produced contaminants. Overall, the aforementioned activities were found to have overwhelmingly negative effects on ecosystem structure and function. Dramatic habitat alteration, environmental pollution, and disturbance contributed to population declines and biodiversity losses arising from both acute and chronic effects in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. In some instances, even in the face of massive alterations to ecosystem structure, recovery was possible. Interestingly, military activity was beneficial under specific conditions, such as when an exclusion zone was generated that generally resulted in population increases and (or) population recovery; an observation noted in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. Additionally, military technological advances (e.g., GPS technology, drone technology, biotelemetry) have provided conservation scientists with novel tools for research. Because of the challenges associated with conducting research in areas with military activities (e.g., restricted access, hazardous conditions), information pertaining to military impacts on the environment are relatively scarce and are often studied years after military activities have ceased and with no knowledge of baseline conditions. Additional research would help to elucidate the environmental consequences (positive and negative) and thus reveal opportunities for mitigating negative effects while informing the development of optimal strategies for rehabilitation and recovery.Key words: war, biodiversity, ecosystem structure, conflict, military activities, environment, conservation biology.Résumé : La guerre est une force omniprésente ayant le potentiel d'altérer l'atmosphère. Les auteurs passent en revue les conséquences potentielles des activités guerrières et militaires modernes sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. On met l'accent sur les effets directs et indirects des conflits, des armes nucléaires, des entrainements militaires et des contaminants des produits militaires. Dans l'ensemble, on constate que les activités préalablement mentionnées ont des effets négatifs écrasants sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Avec des altérations dramatiques des habitats, la pollution et les perturbations environnementales contribuent au déclin des populations et aux pertes de biodiversité provenant des effets aigus et chroniques sur les systèmes terrestres aussi bien qu'aquatiques. Tout de même dans certains cas, en présence d'altérations massives de la structure des écosystèmes, la récupération s'est avérée possible. Il est intéressant de noter qu'une activité militaire fut bénéfique sous des conditions spécifiques telles que la création d'une zone d'exclusion, en générant des augmentations générales des p...

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Section: Thermal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Thermal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radiation Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment

et al. 2015

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“…When rats were subjected to LDIo mixed neutron-gamma radiation, LD 5 blast, and sublethal burn on the same day, a synergistic increase in mortality to 64 pct resulted. The mortality decreased when the blast and burn were applied on later days.…”

Section: V1imentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathophysiology of Combined Radiation Injuries: A Review and Analysis of the Literature on Non-Human Research

Baum¹

1991

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Publ reporting burden for thiscollection of Infom tion is estmlted to average 1 hour p repiolns Including the time for reviewing instructions, serchinig existing data sOurces gathering and maintaining the "dt neded. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)One hundred and seventy one references applicable to determining the effect of tactical nuclear weapons on military personnel have been reviewed, and the signifi-ant conclusions are reported. The study reviews the scientific literature and focuses on animal experiments published from 1933 to the present time, including a number of German studies and some Soviet research not previously reviewed in English language publications. Recurring themes of the review are the synergistic increase in mortality when injury (burn, wound, bleeding, fracture, etc.) follows irradiation and the reduction in mortality when injury precedes irradiation and/or when antibiotics are administered.

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Combined Surgical and Radiation Injury

Donati¹

1971

Arch Surg

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The Combined Effects of Thermal Burns and Whole Body X Irradiation on Survival Time and Mortality

Cited by 66 publications

References 1 publication

The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment

The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment

The Pathophysiology of Combined Radiation Injuries: A Review and Analysis of the Literature on Non-Human Research

Combined Surgical and Radiation Injury

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