“…We used occurrence (presence/absence) data for breeding bird species at two different spatial extents and resolutions, sourced from: (a) the Atlas of European Breeding Birds (EBCC data), which compiles the occurrence of breeding bird species in Europe between the late 1980s and early 1990s in 3,165 grid cells of 50‐km resolution (Hagemeijer & Blair, ) to effectively include the climate niche of the target species by encompassing the widest possible distributional range; and (b) the Catalan Breeding Birds Atlas (CBBA data), which reports information on breeding bird distribution in Catalonia between 1999 and 2002 based on intensive surveys of 3,077 grid cells at 1‐km resolution (Brotons, Herrando, Estrada, Pedrocchi & Martin, ). Among the 214 bird species that breed in Catalonia, we focused on those that are expected to be affected by fire–vegetation dynamics and climate change to illustrate how the combined effect of these drivers can affect the performance of the PAs (De Cáceres, Brotons, Aquilué & Fortin, ; Regos, Clavero, D'Amen, Guisan & Brotons, ). From this initial dataset, species counting less than 30 presences were removed to ensure sufficient information for modelling.…”