The combined and individual impact of diabetes and smoking on key subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis

Joaquim, Claudia Regina; Miranda, Tamires Szeremeske; Marins, Letícia Macedo; Silva, H. D. P.; Feres, Magda; Figueiredo, Luciene Cristina; Duarte, Poliana Mendes

doi:10.1111/jre.12516

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…In 2013, our group suggested a possible role of gram positive in a hyperglycemic pocket, once Gemella, Eikenella, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, and Streptococcus genera-all of which gram-positive-were detected at higher levels in deep pockets of DM than in non-DM subjects (Casarin et al, 2013). Recently, Longo et al, (2018), also identified enrichment in facultative gram positives in DM, corroborating other studies (Casarin et al, 2013;Demmer et al, 2015;Joaquim et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2016;Zhou et al, 2013). This higher number of gram positives could explain the higher level of LTA in DM than in non-diabetic subjects observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Casarin et al, (2013) showed that a change of the subgingival microbiota occurs in periodontal patients with DM, generating specific local factors in the periodontal pocket and creating a differentiated microbial constitution compared with non-diabetic periodontal patients. This finding is corroborated by different authors that showed higher levels of well-recognized pathogens, T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum (Demmer et al, 2015;Joaquim et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2006;Yang et al, 2016;Zhou et al, 2013). Interestingly, although the common periodontal disease-associated species have been described as anaerobic gram negatives, several studies have shown that the diabetic-associated microbiome has a higher number of gram-positive bacteria (Casarin et al, 2013;Kumar et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 64%

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Subgingival endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid modulate cytokine production in diabetic subjects: A Case–control Study

et al. 2020

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a group of diseases of metabolic origin resulting from the failure of secretion or action of insulin. It is divided into two main types: type I-related to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells; and type II-related to alteration in production and cellular resistance to insulin (Mealey & Oates, 2006).Regardless of the degree of development of the country, DM is a significant and growing global health problem. In Brazil, the most recent data point to over sixteen million diagnoses, which has led to an

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

supporting

confidence: 64%

Subgingival endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid modulate cytokine production in diabetic subjects: A Case–control Study

et al. 2020

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“…Table 3 presents a summary of the clinical studies (published between 2010 and 2019) on the effects of smoking on subgingival microflora using subgingival plaque samples from subjects with different periodontal conditions. Studies combining systemic conditions (such as diabetes mellitus and pregnancy) (Paropkari et al, 2016;Ganesan et al, 2017;Joaquim et al, 2018) or using granulation tissue from the subgingival area as samples (Coretti et al, 2017;Chowdhry et al, 2018) were also found but were excluded in this review. As shown in Table 3 and Figure 1, while contradictory results were reported by studies employing traditional targeted molecular methods (Kubota et al, 2011;Heikkinen et al, 2012;Guglielmetti et al, 2014;Lanza et al, 2016;Karasneh et al, 2017), altered subgingival microbial communities due to smoking in different periodontal conditions were generally revealed using 16S sequencing (Bizzarro et al, 2013;Mason et al, 2015;Yu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Research Focusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Microflora: From Periodontal Health to Disease

Jiang

Cheng

2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity affecting up to 90% of the worldwide population. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. It is essential to assess the influence of smoking on subgingival microflora that is the principal etiological factor of the disease to clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontal disease. Therefore, this article reviews the current research findings regarding the impact of smoking on subgingival microflora and discusses several potential mechanisms. Cultivationbased and targeted molecular approaches yield controversial results in determining the presence or absence of smoking-induced differences in the prevalence or levels of certain periodontal pathogens, such as the "red complex." However, substantial changes in the subgingival microflora of smokers, regardless of their periodontal condition (clinical health, gingivitis, or periodontitis), have been demonstrated in recent microbiome studies. Available literature suggests that smoking facilitates early acquisition and colonization of periodontal pathogens, resulting in an "at-risk-forharm" subgingival microbial community in the healthy periodontium. In periodontal diseases, the subgingival microflora in smokers is characterized by a pathogen-enriched community with lower resilience compared to that in non-smokers, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Biological changes in key pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, together with the ineffective host immune response for clearance, might contribute to alterations in the subgingival microflora in smokers. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to provide solid evidence for the underlying mechanisms.

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“…CHX reduced the counts of 11 species, highlighting P. intermedia, S. gordonii, and S. mutans, compared with hydro-carbon-oxo-borate-treated biofilms. Prevotella intermedia is a recognized orange complex pathogen that is a usual target in clinical trials concerning periodontal/dental implant diseases [20][21][22]. Streptococcus gordonii was recently considered a contributor to the establishment of the keystone pathogen P. gingivalis in the subgingival biofilm [23].…”

Section: Hcobcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate on a multispecies subgingival periodontal biofilm: a short communication

et al. 2021

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Objective This study evaluated the metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate complex (HCOBc) on a multispecies subgingival biofilm as well as its effects on cytotoxicity. Materials and methods The subgingival biofilm with 32 species related to periodontitis was formed in the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) for 7 days. Two different therapeutic schemes were adopted: (1) treatment with HCOBc, 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), and negative control group (without treatment) from day 3 until day 6, two times a day for 1 min each time, totaling 8 treatments and (2) a 24-h treatment on a biofilm grown for 6 days. After 7 days of formation, biofilm metabolic activity was determined by colorimetry assay, and bacterial counts and proportions of complexes were determined by DNA-DNA hybridization. Both substances’ cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability (XTT assay) and clonogenic survival assay on ovary epithelial CHO-K1 cells and an osteoblast precursor from calvaria MC3T3-E1 cells. Results The first treatment scheme resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm’s metabolic activity by means of 77% by HCOBc and CHX treatments versus negative control. The total count of 11 and 25 species were decreased by treatment with hydro-carbon-oxo-borate complex and CHX, respectively, compared with the group without treatment (p < 0.05), highlighting a reduction in the levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium periodontium. CHX significantly reduced the count of 10 microorganisms compared to the group treated with HCOBc (p < 0.05). HCOBc and CHX significantly decreased the pathogenic red-complex proportion compared with control-treated biofilm, and HCOBc had even a more significant effect on the red complex than CHX had (p ≤ 0.05). For the second treatment scheme, HCOBc complex and CHX significantly decreased 61 and 72% of control biofilms’ metabolic activity and the counts of 27 and 26 species, respectively. HCOBc complex did not significantly affect the proportions of formed biofilms, while CHX significantly reduced red, orange, and yellow complexes. Both substances exhibited similar cytotoxicity results. Conclusions This short communication suggested that the HCOBc complex reduced a smaller number of bacterial species when compared to chlorhexidine during subgingival biofilm formation, but it was better than chlorhexidine in reducing red-complex bacterial proportions. Although HCOBc reduced the mature 6-day-old subgingival multispecies biofilms, it did not modify bacterial complexes’ ratios as chlorhexidine did on the biofilms mentioned above. Future in vivo studies are needed to validate these results. Clinical relevance HCOBc complex could be used to reduce red-complex periodontal bacterial proportions.

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The combined and individual impact of diabetes and smoking on key subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Subgingival endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid modulate cytokine production in diabetic subjects: A Case–control Study

Subgingival endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid modulate cytokine production in diabetic subjects: A Case–control Study

The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Microflora: From Periodontal Health to Disease

Metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate on a multispecies subgingival periodontal biofilm: a short communication

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