The Cognitive Mechanisms That Drive Social Belief Updates During Adolescence

Ma, Ili; Westhoff, Bianca; Duijvenvoorde, Anna C. K. van

doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105114

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Importantly, specific impairments in the ability to consider the mental state of others or to respond to social signals are central to a range of psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder 33 - 36 . In a separate study, we used an abbreviated version of the current task and revealed developmental changes in belief updates during adolescence 37 . This can provide a particularly relevant benchmark as the onset of many psychiatric disorders takes place during adolescence 38 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The social cost of gathering information for trust decisions

Sanfey

2020

Sci Rep

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Trust decisions are inherently uncertain, as people usually have incomplete information about the trustworthiness of the other person prior to their decision to trust or not trust. Therefore, it is typically beneficial to gather information about a trustee’s past behaviour before deciding whether or not to trust them. However, elaborate inquiries about a trustee’s behaviour may change the trustee’s willingness to reciprocate, causing either a decrease due to the trustee’s negative impressions of the investor or an increase because the investor appears to be highly betrayal-averse to the trustee. In turn, such a change could cause the investor to gather less or more information, respectively. Here, we examine how information acquisition is modulated by social context, monetary cost, and the trustee’s trustworthiness. We gave participants the opportunity to sequentially sample information about a trustee’s reciprocation history before they decided whether or not to invest. Participants sampled less when there was a monetary cost and when the gathered information was more conclusive. On some trials, we induced a social context by telling the participant that the trustee would learn how much the participant sampled (“overt sampling”). Crucially, when sampling was free, participants sampled less when sampling was overt than when it was covert, suggesting that they avoided leaving negative impressions. We find that the data were well accounted for by a Bayesian heuristic model, in which the agent continues sampling until uncertainty about trustworthiness—as measured by the width of the posterior belief—drops below a level that they find tolerable. This study opens the door to broader applications of the tools and models of information sampling to social decision-making.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The social cost of gathering information for trust decisions

Sanfey

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Second, prior expectations (i.e., descriptive norms, the perceptions of what most people do 27 – 29 ) inform decision making by generating predictions about the behaviour of others (e.g., I will cooperate if this person is likely to reciprocate). Individual differences in initial expectations about others may lead to individual differences in choices 30 , and it is conceivable that different age groups have varying prior expectations 31 . However, prior expectations have hardly been studied in developmental populations, despite being important determinants of cooperative behaviours.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental asymmetries in learning to adjust to cooperative and uncooperative environments

Westhoff

Molleman

Viding

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Learning to successfully navigate social environments is a critical developmental goal, predictive of long-term wellbeing. However, little is known about how people learn to adjust to different social environments, and how this behaviour emerges across development. Here, we use a series of economic games to assess how children, adolescents, and young adults learn to adjust to social environments that differ in their level of cooperation (i.e., trust and coordination). Our results show an asymmetric developmental pattern: adjustment requiring uncooperative behaviour remains constant across adolescence, but adjustment requiring cooperative behaviour improves markedly across adolescence. Behavioural and computational analyses reveal that age-related differences in this social learning are shaped by age-related differences in the degree of inequality aversion and in the updating of beliefs about others. Our findings point to early adolescence as a phase of rapid change in cooperative behaviours, and highlight this as a key developmental window for interventions promoting well-adjusted social behaviour.

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“…Participants were primarily recruited through previous studies that targeted both clinical and typically developing samples (Dekkers et al, 2019;Ma et al, 2020) et al, 2000) conducted at their home. The DISC-IV was adjusted to reflect changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5 where necessary.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer feedback decreases impulsive choice in adolescents with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Hoorn

Water²,

Dekkers

et al. 2022

JCPP Advances

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Background Impulsivity is a core feature of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous work using the delay discounting task to assess impulsivity reveals that adolescents with ADHD tend to prefer a smaller‐immediate reward over a larger‐delayed reward, and this relates to problematic choices in daily life. To gain a better understanding of daily decision‐making in adolescence, it is important to examine the social context, as peers have a major influence on decisions. Peer influence often has a negative connotation, but also provides an opportunity to promote positive outcomes. To date, it is unclear if peers affect impulsive decision‐making in adolescents with ADHD, for better or for worse. Methods The aim of this preregistered study was to examine the effect of peer feedback on impulsive choice in male adolescents with and without ADHD (ages 13–23; N = 113). We utilized an adapted delay discounting task that was administered alone, in a social condition, and alone again. In the social condition, adolescents received either (between‐subjects) manipulated impulsive or non‐impulsive peer feedback. Impulsive peer feedback consisted of likes for choosing the smaller immediate reward, whereas non‐impulsive peers endorsed choosing the larger delayed reward. Results Preregistered analyses showed that non‐impulsive peer feedback resulted in decreased impulsive choice, whereas impulsive peer feedback did not alter decision‐making in adolescents with and without ADHD. Explorative analyses of inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity symptoms in the total sample, irrespective of diagnosis, showed that lower hyperactivity–impulsivity and more inattention symptoms were associated with increased susceptibility to non‐impulsive peer feedback. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that peers may provide an opportunity to decrease impulsivity and emphasize individual differences in susceptibility to non‐impulsive peer feedback related to inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity. Therefore, peer feedback may be a promising component in behavioral peer‐supported interventions in adolescents with ADHD.

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The Cognitive Mechanisms That Drive Social Belief Updates During Adolescence

Cited by 6 publications

References 49 publications

The social cost of gathering information for trust decisions

The social cost of gathering information for trust decisions

Developmental asymmetries in learning to adjust to cooperative and uncooperative environments

Peer feedback decreases impulsive choice in adolescents with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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