“…Recent years have seen numerous changes influenced by computer-assisted language learning (CALL) to facilitate language learning processes in language education, including English language teaching (ELT) (Jones & Sharma, 2021;Phoocharoensil, 2022;Sakulprasertsri et al, 2021;Tomlinson, 2019). Various forms of instruction involving the use of digital technology, especially the Internet technology, have been proposed and implemented with a view to creating new learning experiences for language learners, such as the flipped classroom (Johnson & Marsh, 2016), language massive open online courses (LMOOCs) (Bárcena & Martín-Monje, 2014;Jitpaisarnwattana et al, 2021), and blended or hybrid learning (Garrison & Vaughan, 2008;Graham, 2006;Jones & Sharma, 2021;Kenny & Newcombe, 2011;McCarthy, 2016;Napaporn et al, 2023;Stein & Graham, 2020). These new forms of teacher-led rather than technology-led pedagogy with the use of technology in ELT instructions are believed not only to meet the needs of language learners but also to support individuals in achieving learning outcomes while preparing them to become continued, lifelong learners, which is vital to language learning in the digital era.…”