The classification and structures of situations eliciting sadness

Shirai, Mariko; Suzuki, Naoto

doi:10.4092/jsre.20.105

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Tears are a social signal to ask for help (Hendriks et al, 2007). The higher tear ratings in the loss condition are believed to be due to the features of a loss situation being more passive, and there is a smaller possibility of changing the results by oneself compared to a failure situation (Shirai and Suzuki, 2013). This finding is consistent with previous findings (Shirai and Suzuki, 2015, in press) and suggests that the sadness states in loss and failure reflect subjectively different types of sadness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, the findings for the possibility of coping score did not show a clear difference, but the raw score was high in the failure condition compared to the loss condition. In addition, Shirai and Suzuki (2013) reported that there was a greater possibility of changing the outcomes by oneself in failure situations compared to loss situations. Thus it is believed that in a situation like the loss of a loved one, we cannot deal with the event and feel passive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six scripts (Supplement A in Supplementary Data Sheet 1) were created based on previous research (Shirai and Suzuki, 2013). These described situations that were designed to elicit emotions: two scripts each for the “loss” and “failure” types of sadness and two scripts for the “neutral” condition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Sadness Only One Emotion? Psychological and Physiological Responses to Sadness Induced by Two Different Situations: “Loss of Someone” and “Failure to Achieve a Goal”

Shirai

Suzuki

2017

Front. Psychol.

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We investigated whether sadness elicited by two different situations—loss of someone (loss) and failure to achieve a goal (failure)—had different physiological responses. Seventy-four participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (loss, failure, and neutral). Physiological responses were recorded during an imagery task that was designed to evoke sadness. The results of characteristics in the subjective ratings indicated that loss-evoked sadness was only associated with expressive words relating to tears. For the results of physiological measures, skin conductance levels (SCLs) increased during the imagery task across all conditions and differed between conditions during the post-task. For the loss condition, restoration to baseline level took longer, while in the failure the SCL decreased sharply back to baseline. Furthermore, tear ratings correlated with blood pressures in the loss condition, while sadness intensity correlated with blood pressures in the failure condition. These results suggest that sadness includes at least two subtypes that produce different responses in subjective ratings and physiological measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Sadness Only One Emotion? Psychological and Physiological Responses to Sadness Induced by Two Different Situations: “Loss of Someone” and “Failure to Achieve a Goal”

Shirai

Suzuki

2017

Front. Psychol.

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“…Six sadness situations were chosen: loss, failure, breakup, loneliness, disease, and family rift; these were reported in [26] as situations that notably evoke sadness. These situations were specified through a cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling, with similarities identified among the situations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through the course of their lives, people are exposed to various situations and experience a range of emotional and mental states [24, 25]. In particular, sadness can occur in response to social events such as social rejection, homesickness, or loss (e.g., loss of loved one) [26], which occur during interactions of the body with the social environment. Actually, sadness comprising loss- and failure-sadness [15, 16] is represented differently in verbal concepts based on their physical-activation features [3], and can induce different autonomic physiological responses [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why is heartache associated with sadness? Sadness is represented by specific physical pain through verbal knowledge

Shirai

Soshi

2019

PLoS ONE

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People describe sadness as “heartache.” The link between sadness and physical pain such as heartache has been empirically proven; however, the mental foundations that support the connection between sadness and pain remain unclear. The present study hypothesized that the connection between sadness and specific physical pain is established by concepts referred to as “sadness-pain concept,” which are internalized based on features relating to interactions between the body and external situations. We examined the use of pain-related onomatopoeias as metaphorical words for expressing sadness, setting three primary goals for our study: (i) to identify sadness-pain words usable for both sadness and physical pains, (ii) to determine the specific sadness-pain words used for certain sadness situations, and (iii) to reveal the pain-related characteristics that are linked to such sadness situations. Sixty-nine participants were asked to rate 28 pain-onomatopoeic words in terms of the types of emotions, sadness situations, body parts, and characteristics of pain respectively. Consequently, seven words were identified as sadness-pain words. Furthermore, the specific sadness situations related to each sadness-pain word were determined. Situation-dependent sadness-pain words, for example, zukin zukin for loss, were found to be associated with specific body parts and pain properties. These findings indicate that the shared representation of sadness and physical pain as an emotional concept is based on interactions between the body and external situations.

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The Role of Bodily Expression in Memory Representations of Sadness

Shirai

Soshi

2021

J Nonverbal Behav

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The classification and structures of situations eliciting sadness

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Is Sadness Only One Emotion? Psychological and Physiological Responses to Sadness Induced by Two Different Situations: “Loss of Someone” and “Failure to Achieve a Goal”

Is Sadness Only One Emotion? Psychological and Physiological Responses to Sadness Induced by Two Different Situations: “Loss of Someone” and “Failure to Achieve a Goal”

Why is heartache associated with sadness? Sadness is represented by specific physical pain through verbal knowledge

The Role of Bodily Expression in Memory Representations of Sadness

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