The Clandestine Distribution of Heroin, Its Discovery and Suppression

Rottenberg, Simon

doi:10.1086/259383

Cited by 59 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The classic view of drug consumption is that demand is completely price inelastic with respect to addictive goods (Rottenburg 1968). If this is the case then there are numerous implications for public policy intended to target the supply side.…”

Section: Supply-side Enforcement Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Price Drug Use? The Contribution of Economics to an Evidence‐Based Drugs Policy

MacDonald

2004

Journal of Economic Surveys

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Thi s paper present s a revi ew of t he recent econom i cs l i t erat ure i n t he area of i l l i ci t drug use.Part i cul ar at t ent i on i s pai d t o t he econom i cs of addi ct i on and t he rat i onal addi ct i on m odel , t he w el fare econom i cs fram ew ork for anal ysi ng t he soci al cost s of drug use, and t he at t em pt s t hat have been m ade by econom i st s t o eval uat e recent or proposed pol i cy i nt ervent i ons. A dom i nant t hem e i n t hi s revi ew i s t he probl em of poor dat a avai l abi l i t y. Thi s i s part i cul arl y t rue w hen i t com es t o i m pl em ent i ng t he Rat i onal A ddi ct i on m odel , but i t i s al so apparent i n t he l i t erat ure on est i m at i ng t he cost s of i l l i ci t drug use t o soci et y as a w hol e. O ne of t he m ai n concl usi ons of t hi s revi ew i s t hat unt i l recent l y publ i c pol i cy has not been part i cul arl y i nfl uenced by research carri ed out by econom i st s. It i s not cl ear w het her t hi s i s because econom i st s have had t o grappl e w i t h i nadequat e dat a, and hence t hei r concl usi ons are couched i n uncert ai nt y, or w het her i t i s because drugs researchers have assum ed a very l i m i t ed rol e for econom i st s i n t hei r anal ysi s.

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Section: Supply-side Enforcement Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Price Drug Use? The Contribution of Economics to an Evidence‐Based Drugs Policy

MacDonald

2004

Journal of Economic Surveys

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“…While this estimate has been heavily criticised (Epstein, 1977;Government of Turkey, 1986a;Uslu, 2003;Evered, 2011a), Turkey was the predominant source of opium for heroin destined for America (Rottenberg, 1968;Murphy and Steele, 1971;McCoy, 2003).…”

Section: The 1960s: Strengthening Of Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing the diversion of Turkish opium

Windle

2013

Secur J

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Turkey was once one of the world's largest sources of illicit opium; the majority diverted from sparsely regulated licit production. Since 1972, however, it has contributed almost no opium to the global black market. As such, Turkey is one of a small number of states to have eradicated, or severally reduced, the national supply of illicit opium. This article reconsiders post-1974 Turkish controls from a situational crime prevention perspective. It is suggested that Turkish success was founded upon reducing opportunities for diversion from regulated production by hardening targets, increasing formal and informal surveillance, assisting compliance through fair procurement practices and increasing the risk of non-compliance.

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“…America never validated the estimation (Epstein 1977;Evered 2011a) and it drew complaints from the Turkish (Government of Turkey 1986) and French governments (Epstein 1977). While 80 percent is likely an overestimate, Turkey was the predominant source of opium for heroin destined for America (McCoy 2003;Murphy and Steele 1971;Rottenberg 1968 (Epstein 1977). The CINC was the only American organisation to confess to significant error margins in their estimate (CINC 1972).…”

Section: The Beginning Of Laissez Faire Control: 1933-1960smentioning

confidence: 99%

A very gradual suppression: A history of Turkish opium controls, 1933–1974

Windle

2013

European Journal of Criminology

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Before 1974 controls over Turkey's opium production were ineffective and provided opportunities for large-scale diversion, making it one of the world's largest sources of illicit opium. The state monopoly was limited by a lack of authority over opium producing areas, laissez faire controls and poor state procurement practices. Policies administered between 1933 and 1971 did, however, represent a period of organisational learning which led to the establishment of a highly successful drug control policy. A secondary finding of this paper, revealed whilst analysing diversion estimates, suggests that there may be inaccuracies in assumptions of geographical displacement from Turkey. While these assumptions have been reproduced in much of the literature, the data suggests that the Turkish opium ban of 1971 had either minimal impact on global, or regional production levels, or that displacement occurred during the 1960s rather than the mid-1970. James Windle. (2013). 'A Very Gradual Suppression: A History of Turkish Opium Controls, 1933Controls, -1974. European Journal of Criminology. Pre-print copy. 2 A VERY GRADUAL SUPPRESSION: A HISTORY OF TURKISH OPIUM CONTROLS, 1933-1974Until 1971 Turkey was one of the world's largest sources of illicit opium. A small number of studies have investigated the original 1971 Turkish opium ban (Murphy and Steele 1971;Robins 2007;Spain 1975; West 1992) and the control of licit opium poppy cultivation administered after 1974 (Mansfield, 2001; Windle, under consideration). Little attention has, however, been given to opium control policies administered by Turkey between 1933 and. This article reconsiders post-1974 Turkish opium controls as the latter end of a period of gradual policy improvement.While pre-1971 policies were largely ineffective, they offer important lessons for contemporary counter-narcotic strategies. They highlight the importance of, not only maintaining state control over opium producing areas, but also the ineffectiveness of state controls over licit production centred upon laissez faire controls and poor state procurement practices. These policies were not, however, in vain.They were part of a period of organisational learning whereby principle actors in Turkish state institutions changed their policies in response to information and experiences about the effectiveness of controls over opium production. This led to the establishment of a highly successful control policy.A secondary finding of this paper, revealed whilst analysing diversion 1 estimates reported during the 1960s and early-1970s, is that there may be inaccuracies in established assumptions about geographical displacement from Turkey. It is suggested that the Turkish opium ban of 1971 had either minimal impact on global or regional production levels, or that displacement occurred during the 1960s rather than the mid-1970.This paper begins with an introduction to organisational learning theory before presenting a brief history of opium production and trade in Turkey. This is followed by a di...

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The Clandestine Distribution of Heroin, Its Discovery and Suppression

Cited by 59 publications

References 4 publications

What Price Drug Use? The Contribution of Economics to an Evidence‐Based Drugs Policy

What Price Drug Use? The Contribution of Economics to an Evidence‐Based Drugs Policy

Preventing the diversion of Turkish opium

A very gradual suppression: A history of Turkish opium controls, 1933–1974

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