The Cladophora glomerata Enriched by Biosorption Process in Cr(III) Improves Viability, and Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Derived Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) and Their Extracellular Vesicles (MV’s)

Abstract

This study investigated in vitro effects of freshwater alga Cladophora glomerata water extract enriched during a biosorption process in Cr(III) trivalent chromium and chromium picolinate on adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (ASCs) and extracellular microvesicles (MVs) in equine metabolic syndrome-affected horses. Chemical characterisation of natural Cladophora glomerata was performed with special emphasis on: vitamin C, vitamin E, total phenols, fatty acids, free and protein-bound amino acids as well as measured Cr in algal biomass. To examine the influence of Cladophora glomerata water extracts, in vitro viability, oxidative stress factor accumulation, apoptosis, inflammatory response, biogenesis of mitochondria, autophagy in ASCs of EMS and secretory activity manifested by MV release were investigated. For this purpose, various methods of molecular biology and microscopic observations (i.e., immunofluorescence staining, SEM, TEM, FIB observations, mRNA and microRNA expression by RT-qPCR) were applied. The extract of Cladophora glomerata enriched with Cr(III) ions reduced apoptosis and inflammation in ASCs of EMS horses through improvement of mitochondrial dynamics, decreasing of PDK4 expression and reduction of endoplastic reticulum stress. Moreover, it was found, that Cladophora glomerata and Cr(III) induce antioxidative protection coming from enhanced SOD activity Therefore, Cladophora glomerata enriched with Cr(III) ions might become an interesting future therapeutic agent in the pharmacological treatment of EMS horses.

A comprehensive analysis of biosorption of metal ions by macroalgae using ICP-OES, SEM-EDX and FTIR techniques

“…), polyphenols (196±8 mg/100 g of d.m. ), free and protein-bound amino acids (e.g., Ala, Glc, Val, Leu, Ile, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Lys, Arg, His, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Ser, Thr, Met, Cys, Pro) and fatty acids [ 18 ]. Fatty acids present in the biomass of C .…”

“…The SEM-EDX investigation allows the examination in details the surface concentration and distribution of Cr(III), Mn(II) and Mg(II) ions in the natural and enriched Cladophora glomerata . In our and other previous research it was shown, that SEM-EDX becomes a valuable tool for a precise investigation of the elemental composition, as well as distribution of elements in different biomasses [ 6 , 18 , 39 ]. In the present study, the SEM-EDX elemental analysis revealed the increased quantity of Mg, Cr, as well as Mn in the course of biosorption process in Cladophora glomerata biomass ( Table 5 ).…”

“…It was showed, that C . glomerata enriched with Cr(III) ions served antioxidative protection coming from enhanced SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) activity [ 18 ]. In in vivo tests which were conducted on pigs and laying hens it was shown that the algal biomass rich in microelements positively influenced the health of animals, their productivity, the quality of products (the content of micro- and macroelements), as well as the decrease of the excretion of elements what can lead to the decrease of the environmental burden [ 19 – 23 ].…”

“…The aim of the present paper was to obtain and characterise a feed additive for animals, especially for equine nutrition based on the biomass of a freshwater macroalga– Cladophora glomerata . The biomass was enriched separately with Cr(III), Mn(II) and Mg(II) ions, because they seem to be crucial in an equine clinical nutrition [ 3 , 12 , 18 , 24 ]. In a dietary management of horses, especially with a diagnosed metabolic syndrome, soaking of hay in water is also recommended.…”

Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds

“…The biomass of freshwater Cladophora glomerata is a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites, such as amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, carotenoids, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, sterols, terpenes etc. [43,44]. These compounds can be useful in the stimulation of plant growth.…”