The cholinergic pathway to cerebral blood vessels

Vásquez, J; Purves, M. J.

doi:10.1007/bf00586942

Cited by 57 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This ganglion has been described by some authors in rat and monkey (Chorobski and Penfield, 1932;Zacharias, 1941 and1942;Vasquez and Purves, 1979). Dener vation experiments in monkey (Chorobski and Pen field, 1932) revealed that this area contained a mix ture of afferent and efferent large and small myelinated as well as small unmyelinated fibers running in various directions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…However, little has been known about the nature of the transmitter present in them. The cells stain positively for AChE (Vasquez and Purves, 1979), and recently VIP-like activity was demonstrated in some of them (Hara and Ko bayashi, 1987). In the present study, it was clarified that some of the ganglion cells contain VIP with the same fluorescence pattern as the VIP-positive cells in the sphenopalatine and otic ganglion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Origins and Pathways of Cerebrovascular Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Positive Nerves in Rat

Suzuki

Hardebo

Owman

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

209

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Summary: In order to clarify the origins and pathways of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing nerve fibers in cerebral blood vessels of rat, denervation exper iments and retrograde axonal tracing methods (true blue) were used. Numerous VIP-positive nerve cells were rec ognized in the sphenopalatine ganglion and in a mini-gan glion (internal carotid mini-ganglion) located on the in ternal carotid artery in the carotid canal, where the para sympathetic greater superficial petrosal nerve is joined by the sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid nerve, to form the Vidian nerve. VIP fiber bridges in the greater deep petrosal nerve and the internal carotid nerve reached the wall of the internal carotid artery. Two weeks after bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion or sectioning of the structures in the ethmoidal foramen, VIP fibers in the anterior part of the circle of Willis com pletely disappeared. Very few remained in the middle ce rebral artery, the posterior cerebral artery, and rostral Cerebral blood vessels are well supplied with classic adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers as well as with peptide-containing fibers (Owman et aI. , 1986). Among these, the vasodilatory peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in whole mount preparations of major pial cerebral arteries from mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, gerbil, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, cow, monkey, and man (Larsson et aI., 1976; Edvinsson et aI., 1980; Kobayashi et aI. , 1983; Matsuyama et aI. , 1983 andEdvinsson and Ekman, 1984; Itakura et aI. , 1984; Gibbins et aI., 1984;Brayden and Bevan, 1986).In most species little is known about the origin and distribution of the VIP nerves to the cerebral blood vessels. In cat they appear to originate from several miniganglia associated with nerves around Received December 7, 1987; accepted February 19, 1988. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. N. Suzuki at Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Biskopsgatan 5, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.Abbreviations used: AChE, acetylcholinesterase; ChAT, cho line acetyltransferase; VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 697two-thirds of the basilar artery, whereas they remained in the caudal one-third of the basilar artery, the vertebral artery, and intracranial and carotid canal segments of the internal carotid artery. One week after application of true blue to the middle cerebral artery, dye accumulated in the ganglion cells in the sphenopalatine, otic and internal ca rotid mini-ganglion; some of the cells were positive for VIP. The results show that the VIP nerves in rat cerebral blood vessels originate: (a) in the sphenopalatine, and otic ganglion to innervate the circle of Willis and its branches from anterior and caudally and (b) from the in ternal carotid mini-ganglion to innervate the internal ca rotid artery at the level of the carotid canal and to some extent its intracranial extensions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Origins and Pathways of Cerebrovascular Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Positive Nerves in Rat

Suzuki

Hardebo

Owman

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

209

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“…23 It is unlikely that the tracer seen in SPG and otic ganglia has a transsynaptic origin; intemalization of WGA-HRP conjugate by neurons seems to peak at 3-24 hours 23 and subsequent retrograde transport occurs at about 108 mm/day. 26 The occasional neuronally-shaped WGA-IR cells seen in the adventitia of the ipsilateral rete may correspond to the neuronal cell bodies seen along intracranial vessels by Chorobski and Penfield, 1 Borodula and Pletchkova, 27 Vasquez and Purves, 28 and Cervos-Navarro and Artigas. 29 It is known that the SPG provides postganglionic VIP-containing fibers to the nasal mucosa in cats;…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Cerebrovascular projections from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia to the middle cerebral artery of the cat.

Walters¹,

Gillespie²,

Moskowitz³

1986

Stroke

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SUMMARY The location of the postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral arteries is unknown. Using axonal tracing techniques, we examined whether the sphenopalatine ganglia (associated with the seventh cranial nerve) and otic ganglia (associated with ninth cranial nerve) contain perikarya which send axons to the feline middle cerebral artery (MCA). The tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP: 3 cats) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA: 6 cats) were applied to the MCA in a slow release polymeric system. Three days later the SPG, otic ganglia, and rete mirabile were harvested bilaterally and processed for tracer by the TMB method (HRP) or immunohistocheraistry (WGA). In a given animal, approximately equal numbers of cells containing axonal tracer were found in both SPG. Labeled fibers occasionally could be seen extending into the vidlan nerve. Positive cells were also found in the otic ganglia and in the walls of the internal rete mirabile. These results provide the first identification of parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral blood vessels. Stroke Vol 17, No 3, 1986 BOTH CHOROBSKI AND PENFIELD 1 and Cobb and Finesinger 2 in 1932 described a vasodilator pathway to pial arteries via the seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves. Figure 1 presents in schematic fashion the gross anatomy of the mammalian seventh cranial nerve/greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN)/ sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG)/otic ganglion complex. 3 •" In 1970 Ruskell 5 performed GSPN neurectomies in monkeys and found no degeneration in the deep petrosal nerves, suggesting minimal numbers of direct fibers from the GSPN to the carotid artery, but he also found some "minor changes" in the vidian nerve following damage to the SPG, which suggests some degree (albeit small) of retrograde projection from the SPG toward the brain. These combined physiological and anatomical data prompted the current investigations. In this report we seek to demonstrate for the first time the location of parasympathetic cell bodies associated with the seventh and ninth cranial nerves which project to the middle cerebral artery. Materials and Methods Operative ProtocolAdult mongrel cats (2-5 kg) were anesthetized with initial doses of ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg IP) and sodium pentobarbital (4-5 mg/kg IP) and supple- mented with either ketamine (25 mg IM doses) or inhalation anesthesia (0.5% halothane, 2 1/min nitrous oxide, 2 1/min oxygen) as needed. The animals received preoperative (gentamicin 4-6 mg IM, penicillin G benzathine suspension 300,000-600,000 units IM) and in some cases postoperative (ampicillin 50 mg PO b.i.d.) antibiotics.Using an operating microscope, the lateral skull was exposed and an extensive pterional crainectomy was performed. The dura was opened to expose the middle cerebral artery. 6 Applications of various axonal tracer molecules were then performed using the method of Mayberg et al. 7 8 For experiments using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 3-5 mg of HRP (Type VI, P-8375, Sigma Chemical Company) and 0.1-0.3 mg HR...

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“…Pharmacological studies have suggested that substances, such as prostanoids, ATP and histamine, and electrogenic Na ϩ pump do not participate in the response (Toda, 1975(Toda, , 1978. There is considerable literature suggesting the involvement of acetylcholine (Vasquez and Purves, 1977;Bevan et al, 1982a,b), VIP (Lundberg et al, 1979;Lee et al, 1984;Brayden and Bevan, 1986), substance P (Edvinsson et al, 1981(Edvinsson et al, , 1982, and CGRP (Goodman and Iversen, 1986;Saito et al, 1989) in neurogenic cerebral vasodilatation (Lundberg, 1996). This conclusion was drawn on the basis of histological evidence demonstrating the presence of neurons containing acetylcholinesterase/ choline acetyltransferase and the peptides in the vascular wall and of the ability of these compounds when applied exogenously to elicit vasodilatation in cerebral arteries.…”

Section: A From Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerve To Nitrergic Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

The Pharmacology of Nitric Oxide in the Peripheral Nervous System of Blood Vessels

2003

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The cholinergic pathway to cerebral blood vessels

Cited by 57 publications

References 28 publications

Origins and Pathways of Cerebrovascular Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Positive Nerves in Rat

Origins and Pathways of Cerebrovascular Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Positive Nerves in Rat

Cerebrovascular projections from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia to the middle cerebral artery of the cat.

The Pharmacology of Nitric Oxide in the Peripheral Nervous System of Blood Vessels

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