The Pharmacology of Nitric Oxide in the Peripheral Nervous System of Blood Vessels

Endothelial dysfunction and autonomic nervous system dysfunction are both risk factors for atherosclerosis. There is evidence demonstrating that there is a close interrelationship between these two systems. In hypertension, endothelial dysfunction affects the pathologic process through autonomic nervous pathways, and the pathophysiological process of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus is closely related with vascular function. However, detailed mechanisms of this interrelationship have not been clearly explained. In this review, we summarize fi ndings concerning the interrelationship between vascular function and the autonomic nervous system from both experimental and clinical studies. The clarifi cation of this interrelationship may provide more comprehensive risk stratifi cation and a new effective therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis.

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“…15,16) The adrenergic nerve endings of the sympathetic nerve fi bers are found in the muscular layer of vessel walls (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Autonomic Nervous System (Ans) and Vascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Vascular Function and the Autonomic Nervous System

Amiya

Watanabe

Komuro

2014

Annals of Vascular Diseases

105

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“…It is a well accepted phenomenon that injection stress causes an increase in neuronal activation which is closely linked to CBF (Vahabzadeh and Fillenz, 1994). The larger blood vessels are supplied with nitrergic nerves that once activated, result in NO release, vasodilation and increased blood flow (Garthwaite, 2008;Toda and Okamura, 2003). Fig.…”

Section: Regional Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain nitric oxide: Regional characterisation of a real-time microelectrochemical sensor

Finnerty¹,

O'Riordan²,

Pålsson³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. a b s t r a c tA reliable method of directly measuring endogenously generated nitric oxide (NO) in real-time and in various brain regions is presented. An extensive characterisation of a previously described amperometric sensor has been carried out in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Systemic administration of saline caused a transient increase in signal from baseline levels in both the prefrontal cortex (13 ± 3 pA, n = 17) and nucleus accumbens (12 ± 3 pA, n = 8). NO levels in the prefrontal cortex were significantly increased by 43 ± 9 pA (n = 9) following administration of l-arginine. A similar trend was observed in the nucleus accumbens, where an increase of 44 ± 9 pA (n = 8) was observed when compared against baseline levels. Systemic injections of the non-selective NOS inhibitor l-NAME produced a significant decrease in current recorded in the prefrontal cortex (24 ± 6 pA, n = 5) and nucleus accumbens (17 ± 3 pA, n = 6). Finally it was necessary to validate the sensors functionality in vivo by investigating the effect of the interferent ascorbate on the oxidation current. The current showed no variation in both regions over the selected time interval of 60 min, indicating no deterioration of the polymer membrane. A detailed comparison identified significantly greater affects of administrations on NO sensors implanted in the striatum than those inserted in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens.

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“…1,2 Histochemistry has showed that nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerves originating from the pterygoparatine ganglion (PPG) innervate arteries irrigating the cerebrum in many species. [3][4][5][6] We have reported that electrical stimulation of the unilateral PPG or the greater petrosal nerve (GPN), a preganglionic parasympathetic nerve that synaptically connects to the PPG, dilates the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in anesthetized monkeys 7 and dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate arteries irrigating the cerebrum but not the cerebellum and brain stem in monkeys

et al. 2011

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The functional roles of the nitrergic nerves innervating the monkey cerebral artery were evaluated in a tension-response study examining isolated arteries in vitro and cerebral angiography in vivo. Nicotine produced relaxation of arteries by stimulation of nerve terminals innervating isolated monkey arteries irrigating the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Relaxation of arteries induced by nicotine was abolished by treatment with N G -nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and was restored by addition of L-arginine. Cerebral angiography showed that electrical stimulation of the unilateral greater petrosal nerve, which connects to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the parasympathetic ganglion synapse, produced vasodilatation of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries in the stimulated side. However, stimulation failed to produce vasodilatation of the superior and anterior-inferior cerebellar arteries and the basilar artery in anesthetized monkeys. Therefore, nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion appear to regulate cerebral vasomotor function. In contrast, circulation in the cerebellum and brain stem might be regulated by nitrergic nerves originating not from the pterygopalatine ganglion, but rather from an unknown ganglion (or ganglia).

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The Pharmacology of Nitric Oxide in the Peripheral Nervous System of Blood Vessels

Cited by 273 publications

References 752 publications

The Relationship between Vascular Function and the Autonomic Nervous System

The Relationship between Vascular Function and the Autonomic Nervous System

Brain nitric oxide: Regional characterisation of a real-time microelectrochemical sensor

Nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate arteries irrigating the cerebrum but not the cerebellum and brain stem in monkeys

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