The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

Noack, Jens; Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya; Herr, Tatjana; Fischer, P.

doi:10.1002/anie.201410823

Cited by 628 publications

(448 citation statements)

References 301 publications

(507 reference statements)

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“…Br 3 − , Br 5 − or Br 7 − ). 22 Normally, the Q + Br x − yields an immiscible liquid phase which requires these battery systems to have additional pumping procedures to the positive electrode during discharge. The complexation of the Br 2 also serves to reduce the ability of the Br 2 to cross through the separator and react with the electroplated zinc metal at the negative electrode (another coulombic efficiency loss), a common problem that affects other bromine-based energy storage systems e.g.…”

Section: Znmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Bryans

McMillan

Spicer

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The zinc-bromine redox flow battery (RFB) is one of a very few commercially viable RFB energy storage systems capable of integration with intermittent renewable energy sources to deliver improved energy management. However, due to the volatility of the electrogenerated bromine and potential for its crossover from positive to negative electrolytes, this system requires the use of quaternary ammonium complexes (N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium, (MEP)) to capture this bromine. This produces an immiscible phase with the Br 2 which requires a complex network of pipes, pumps and automated controls to ensure access to the electroactive material during discharge. In this work, the use of novel quaternary ammonium complexes to capture the electrogenerated bromine but to keep it in the aqueous phase is examined. Three compounds, 1-(carboxymethyl) pyridine-1-ium, 1-(2-carboxymethyl)-1-methylmorpholin-1-ium and 1-(2-carboxymethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium, were found to successfully reduce the volume of the immiscible phase formed on complexing with the polybromide (Br x − ) whilst displaying similar enthalpy of vaporization values as that of MEP . Electrochemical analysis also revealed that these compounds did not impact on the electrode kinetics of the Br − /Br x − reaction indicating that the resulting surface film formed with these compounds behaved as a chemically modified electrode, in contrast to the surface film formed with MEP. Renewable energy features in many countries' energy agendas. Current political focus seeks to reduce carbon emissions, as agreed by the Paris Agreement, by using energy more efficiently and to have power generation from zero carbon technologies.1 Installed capacity of renewable energy sources have increased over the decade to 2014 by 175 GW for solar and by 322 GW for wind.2 This increase in capacity has impacted on the global share of energy from renewable sources (excluding hydropower) from 2.2% (2004) to 9.7% (2013) with many countries promising to accelerate their installation of these technologies in the coming years.3 However, energy supplied from renewable sources is often intermittent and can fluctuate depending on weather and location. 4,5 This creates a problem in that energy can be generated in excess or in deficit in relation to energy demand. To solve this issue, energy storage is required to balance these peaks and troughs in order to stabilize energy flow into the electrical grid. This would lead to a better management of renewable sources. 6 Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are one means of achieving large scale energy storage which can provide a more efficient link between energy production and energy demand. This type of battery system has the advantage of having a lower cost, a low level of self-discharge and is considered to have a much safer operation compared to other battery systems such as the sodium sulfur and lithium ion batteries. 7,8 Additionally, as with all batteries, it has the advantage of being more flexible and mobile in relation to pumped hydro and compressed air t...

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Section: Znmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Bryans

McMillan

Spicer

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Great efforts have been made in search of alternative battery chemistry from electrolytes to electrodes [4,17,18]. The possible cell voltage depends on the selected redox couples ( Table 2) and is limited by the electrochemical window of a given solvent-electrode system, stability of the supporting cation or anion and stability of the bipolar plate materials (Figure 3).…”

Section: Redox Electrochemistry Of Flow Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications

Chen¹,

Kim²,

Chang³

2017

Redox - Principles and Advanced Applications

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A redox flow battery is an electrochemical energy storage device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible oxidation and reduction of working fluids. The concept was initially conceived in 1970s. Clean and sustainable energy supplied from renewable sources in future requires efficient, reliable and cost-effective energy storage systems. Due to the flexibility in system design and competence in scaling cost, redox flow batteries are promising in stationary storage of energy from intermittent sources such as solar and wind. This chapter covers basic principles of electrochemistry in redox flow batteries and provides an overview of status and future challenges. Recent progress in redox couples, membranes and electrode materials will be discussed. New demonstration and commercial development will be addressed.

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“…Most energy storage media consist of inorganic acids or bases in which metallic salts or other compounds are dissolved as redox active components. However, there are also storage media consisting of gases such as hydrogen and oxygen as well as organic substances [6]. It is the great diversity of possible chemical reactions that produces such a variety of very different cell structures in which different electrode materials can be used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Modeling and Analysis of Redox Flow Battery Systems

et al. 2016

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Abstract:A techno-economic model was developed to investigate the influence of components on the system costs of redox flow batteries. Sensitivity analyses were carried out based on an example of a 10 kW/120 kWh vanadium redox flow battery system, and the costs of the individual components were analyzed. Particular consideration was given to the influence of the material costs and resistances of bipolar plates and energy storage media as well as voltages and electric currents. Based on the developed model, it was possible to formulate statements about the targeted optimization of a developed non-commercial vanadium redox flow battery system and general aspects for future developments of redox flow batteries.

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The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

Cited by 628 publications

References 301 publications

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications

Techno-Economic Modeling and Analysis of Redox Flow Battery Systems

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The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

Cited by 628 publications

References 301 publications

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr2Flow Battery

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr2Flow Battery

Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications

Techno-Economic Modeling and Analysis of Redox Flow Battery Systems

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Product

Resources

About

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery