The characterization of <i>Enterococcus</i> genus: resistance mechanisms and inflammatory bowel disease

Růžičková, Michaela; Vítězová, Monika; Kushkevych, Ivan

doi:10.1515/med-2020-0032

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…4 ). This finding supports previously reported evidences that patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease have larger members of family Enterococcaceae than healthy controls [ 30 – 32 ]. Furthermore, genus Enterococcus is among certain bacterial species that has been identified to play a key role in the incidence and development of colorectal cancer [ 15 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Mucosa‐associated cultivable aerobic gut bacterial microbiota among colorectal cancer patients attending at the referral hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

et al. 2021

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Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top ten causes of cancer deaths in the world. Despite an increased prevalence of colorectal cancer has been documented from developing countries, there is no any report regarding gut microbiota among colorectal cancer patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study evaluated cultivable aerobic gut bacterial distributions among malignant and its adjacent normal biopsies of CRC patients. Methods CRC patients who were under colorectal cancer resection surgery during April 2017 to February 2018 at Felege Hiwot Referral and University of Gondar Teaching Hospitals enrolled in the study. Biopsy specimens were taken from malignant and its adjacent normal-appearing tissues. Bacterial cultivation, quantification and characterization of saline washed biopsies were performed under aerobic and candle jar conditions. Differences in bacterial microbiota compositions between malignant and normal tissue biopsies were evaluated and analyzed using Microsoft excel 2010 and GraphPad Prism5 statistical software. Results Fifteen CRC patients were participated with a mean age of 53.8 ± 10.8 years old and majorities (73.3 %) of patients were in between the age groups of 40 and 60 years old. The mean ± SD bacterial microbiota of malignant biopsies (3.2 × 105 ± 1.6 × 105 CFU/ml) was significantly fewer than that of adjacent normal tissue biopsies (4.0 × 105 ± 2.2 × 105 CFU/ml). This dysbacteriosis is positively correlated with the occurrence of CRC (p = 0.019). Proteobacteria (55.6 %), Firmicutes (33.3 %) and Fusobacteria (11.1 %) were the most frequently isolated phyla from non-malignant biopsies while only Proteobacteria (58.8 %) and Firmicutes (41.2 %) were from malignant ones. Family level differences were observed among phyla (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) isolated from the study participants. For instance, the relative abundance of family Bacillaceae from malignant (26 %) was lower than the normal biopsies (39 %). On other hand, family Enterobacteriaceae was twice more abundant in malignant tissues (45 %) than in its matched normal tissues (23 %). Furthermore, the family Enterococcaceae (14 %) of phylum Firmicutes was solely isolated from malignant tissue biopsies. Conclusions The overall microbial composition of normal and malignant tissues was considerably different among the study participants. Further culture independent analysis of mucosal microbiota will provide detail pictures of microbial composition differences and pathogenesis of CRC in Ethiopian settings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Mucosa‐associated cultivable aerobic gut bacterial microbiota among colorectal cancer patients attending at the referral hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

et al. 2021

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“…Enterococci ( E. faecalis , and E. faecium to a lesser extent), along with Bifidobacterium , E. coli and Lactobacillus , colonize the digestive system of most healthy breastfed infants in the first 7–10 days after birth [ 33 , 34 ]. These microorganisms mainly come from the physiological flora of the mother’s genital tract; however, enterococci also dynamically colonize the gastrointestinal tract of newborns born by cesarean section.…”

Section: Enterococci As Commensal Microorganisms and Their Influence On The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.—Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen

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Gałęcka³

et al. 2021

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Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic cocci, which are found in the intestinal flora and, less frequently, in the vagina or mouth. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species found in humans. As commensals, enterococci colonize the digestive system and participate in the modulation of the immune system in humans and animals. For many years reference enterococcal strains have been used as probiotic food additives or have been recommended as supplements for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis and other conditions. The use of Enterococcus strains as probiotics has recently become controversial due to the ease of acquiring different virulence factors and resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Enterococci are also seen as opportunistic pathogens. This problem is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur. Their ability to translocate from the gastro-intestinal tract to various tissues and organs as well as their virulence and antibiotic resistance are risk factors that hinder eradication. Due to numerous reports on the plasticity of the enterococcal genome and the acquisition of pathogenic microbial features, we ask ourselves, how far is this commensal genus from acquiring pathogenicity? This paper discusses both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity.

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“…For example, glycopeptide-resistant (e.g., vancomycin-teicoplanin dually resistant) E. raffinosus strains have been isolated from inpatient samples presenting in nosocomial outbreaks [ 6 – 8 ]. Although increased numbers of enterococci have been observed in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), the effects of increasing enterococci on the origin or progress of IBD have yet to be determined [ 9 ]. In our pre-study, Enterococcus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome insights of Enterococcus raffinosus CX012922, isolated from the feces of a Crohn’s disease patient

et al. 2021

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Background Enterococcus raffinosus is one of the Enterococcus species that often cause nosocomial infections. To date, only one E. raffinosus genome has been completely assembled, and the genomic features have not been characterized. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the strain CX012922, isolated from the feces of a Crohn’s disease patient, and perform a comparative genome analysis to the relevant Enterococcus spp. strains in silico. Results De novo assembly of the sequencing reads of the strain CX012922 generated a circular genome of 2.83 Mb and a circular megaplasmid of 0.98 Mb. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that the strain CX012922 belonged to the E. raffinosus species. By comparative genome analysis, we found that some strains previously identified as E. raffinosus or E. gilvus should be reclassified as novel species. Genome islands (GIs), virulence factors, and antibiotic genes were found in both the genome and the megaplasmid, although pathogenic genes were mainly encoded in the genome. A large proportion of the genes encoded in the megaplasmid were involved in substrate utilization, such as raffinose metabolism. Giant megaplasmids (~1 Mb) equipped with toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems generally formed symbiosis relationships with the genome of E. raffinosus strains. Conclusions Enterococcus spp. have a higher species-level diversity than is currently appreciated. The pathogenicity of E. raffinosus is mainly determined by the genome-encoded virulence factors, while the megaplasmid broadens the gene function pool. The symbiosis between the genome and the megaplasmids endows E. raffinosus with large genomic sizes as well as versatile gene functions, especially for their colonization, adaptation, virulence, and pathogenesis in the human gut.

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The characterization of Enterococcus genus: resistance mechanisms and inflammatory bowel disease

Cited by 30 publications

References 60 publications

Mucosa‐associated cultivable aerobic gut bacterial microbiota among colorectal cancer patients attending at the referral hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Mucosa‐associated cultivable aerobic gut bacterial microbiota among colorectal cancer patients attending at the referral hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.—Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen

Genome insights of Enterococcus raffinosus CX012922, isolated from the feces of a Crohn’s disease patient

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