The characteristics of the human operator engaged in a tracking task

Wilde, R.W.; Westcott, J. H.

doi:10.1016/0005-1098(63)90003-7

Cited by 30 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As an illustration of this kind of representation of human skilled performance, chosen primarily because it is easy to understand, I will describe the operation of one of the early discrete models, attributable to Lemay and Westcott (1962;Wilde & Westcott, 1963).…”

Section: Theory Of Skilled Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Toward A Process-Oriented Theory of Human Skilled Performance

Pew

1970

Journal of Motor Behavior

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Skilled perceptual-motor performance should be approached from a point of view of the processing operations performed by S in a skilled task. This perspective is emphasized in recent attempts to develop analytic or computer-simulation models of tracking tasks. These models are illustrated, and it is argued that a model that has a discrete correction compensatory path and a continuously programmed pursuit path may form one starting point for a more general representation. This representation needs to incorporate as yet undefined processing and storage units to handle coherence prediction, memorized movement patterns, and compensation for external system dynamics.

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Section: Theory Of Skilled Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Toward A Process-Oriented Theory of Human Skilled Performance

Pew

1970

Journal of Motor Behavior

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“…More recently Bekey (1962), Lange (1965) and Kreifeldt (1965) have proposed sampled-data models for human tracking behaviour, and Bekey (1965) has reviewed some of this work. Lange's work was a continuation of the work of Wilde and Lemay (Wilde & Wescott, 1962;Lemay & Wescott, 1962), and has the most detailed experimental backing; the main points of his model and results are outlined in the following paragraph.…”

Section: Sampled Data Models For Human Tracking Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1962, Smith (1962) and Wilde & Wescott (1962) published papers giving experimental evidence that the human operator used "bang bang" control in moving his hand and arm, and at the same time van der Gon, Thuring & Strackee (1962) described a "handwriting simulator" which accurately reproduced the movements of the hand in writing using "bang bang" controllers in two dimensions. In a later paper, van der Gon & Thuring (1965) reported that the controllers worked at a fixed force within a movement pattern, rather than at constant maximum force.…”

Section: Discrete Phenomena In Human Peripheral Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear and nonlinear models of the human controller

Gaines

1969

International Journal of Man-Machine Studies

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This paper presents a review of recent studies of the human controller both in psychology and in control engineering. Theoretical and technological problems in the study of skilled behaviour are first discussed, and the desirable constraints upon any "model" are outlined. The foundations of linear continuous modelling of the human controller and experimental data on the validity and utility of linear models are then reviewed. The evidence for nonlinear and discontinuous behaviour in the human controller is then outlined, and studies of non-linear models based on modern optimal and sampled-data control theory are then presented. The Study of Perceptual-motor SkillsAlthough human cognitive skills and verbal behaviour are generally assumed to involve higher level processes and to be more complex than human perceptual-motor behaviour (for example, Bartlett (1958) has suggested that the analysis of human problem-solving behaviour is simplified by regarding it as a "high-level skill"), in practice a far greater effort has been applied to the study of the cognitive skills involved in learning and remembering verbal material, and in problem-solving, than to the perceptual-motor skills involved in such tasks as flying, driving and typing. Part of this emphasis stems from the philosophical origins of psychology and the associated emphasis on studies of human conscious thought processes; but the continued relative neglect of perceptual-motor skills must have a more fundamental cause, since it would seem reasonable for a logical development of experimental psychology to treat the problems of perceptual-motor co-ordination involved in driving and flying, before investigating the far more complex problems of verbal behaviour and problem-solving.There are two main reasons for this disparity in the amount of effort expended on studies of human cognitive skills on the one hand, and perceptual-motor skills on the other. First, perceptual-motor skills cannot generally be verbalized and introspective analysis is misleading, if not impossible. Although, in modern experimental psychology, introspection is discounted as a source of information about human behaviour, in practice it is an important source of hypotheses and experimental designs, even if reference to it is carefully eradicated from published results. Although there is considerable coupling between verbal instructions and the learning, and performance, of perceptual-motor skills, this is not so strong as in cognitive skills more closely related to the use of language, and the lack of verbalization deprives the worker on perceptualmotor skills of two major sources of information-his own experience, and the introspective analysis of others.The second reason for a disparity of effort and achievement between studies of cognitive skills and perceptual-motor skills is, to a large extent, technological. Perceptual-motor skills are externally paced and the operator is essentially on-line, with the detailed time-patterns of his visual inputs and manual outputs being a major aspect ...

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“…It has been noted that when the human operator is placed in a control task with a difficult high-order controlled element requiring considerable lead compensation on his part for stable closed-loop operation, his tracking becomes quite nonlinear even with a continuous control stick [SI, [4]. The quasi-linear models fail to account for much of the human output motion when the lead time constant exceeds approximately five seconds, or when the human is expected to introduce some acceleration compensation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bang-bang aspects of manual control in high-order systems

Young

Meiry

1965

IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr.

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Absfraci-The tendency of many human operators to respond in a bang-bang fashion when controlling some high-order systems is investigated. A threemode switch is compared with a linear control stick and shown to permit better manual control of some systems with more lag than double integration. In experiments requiring stabilization of a moving base flight simulator programmed as an unstable system (undamped inverted pendulum), operators use the linear control stick in a bang-bang fashion. In place of quasi-linear models for these situations, a simple on-off model for the human is suggested, and the switching lines and error trajectories in the phase plane are presented. The ability to control an unstable system with visual and motion cues is compared.

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The characteristics of the human operator engaged in a tracking task

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Toward A Process-Oriented Theory of Human Skilled Performance

Toward A Process-Oriented Theory of Human Skilled Performance

Linear and nonlinear models of the human controller

Bang-bang aspects of manual control in high-order systems

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