The Changing Political Discourse in Brazil, 1964–1985

Bureaucratic Politics and the Implementation of Liberalization Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of the Unbundling and Reorganization of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

“…Fundamentally, policy implementation presents an extended opportunity for interest peddling and bargaining either at the macro level (various stakeholders in society), meso level or middle range (among governmental actors), or micro level (within a branch of government, e.g., intra‐agency or inter‐agency). The factor of politics, which provides the broad framework for this study, also has received commensurate attention because of its significant impact on all aspects of public policy making, including implementation (Bowornwathana and Poocharoen ; Brown ; Hammond, Antwi, and Proverbs ; Packenham ; Peters ). The study of the influence of politics at the policy implementation stage as evidenced from the literature and hinted above, can broadly be classified into three frameworks.…”

“…This study investigates the motivations and activities of some bureaucratic agencies and their managers in the systematic derailing of the decision to unbundle the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and privatize some of its subsidiaries—a process that began with the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in the mid‐1980s. Politics in various guises are generally believed to contribute significantly to the failure of government policies, necessitating the increasing scholarly interest to the political context of policy making generally (Bowornwathana and Poocharoen ; Brown ; Packenham ; van de Walle ). The central value of the political economy analytical framework as this approach is commonly described, is to stress the context of policy making in terms of the various stakeholder priorities, motivation, resources, degree of influence, and potential and actual alliances (or competition) that affect policy outcomes (Social Development Department, World Bank ).…”