The change in position of the eyeballs during fetal life

Zimmermann, Arnold A.; Armstrong, Ellery L.; Scammon, Richard E.

doi:10.1002/ar.1090590110

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In this study, individual brains in their native space were manually tilted to the commonly used AC‐PC horizontal plane, as a simple and reliable reference axis. Therefore, the optical angle we measured here based on this plane was not fully equivalent to the classic optic angle/chiasm definition commonly used in ophthalmology (Morin et al, ; Zimmermann, Armstrong, & Scammon, ), but was still considered as a convenient proxy to capture the craniofacial MPAs evaluated using MRI approaches. Finally, this MRI‐based approach that we have used has not been validated against the traditional physical measurement, which we have just started recently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

Wang

Deng

et al. 2016

PsyCh Journal

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Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are subtle signs of fetal developmental abnormalities that have been considered to be among the most replicated risk markers for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, quantitative approaches are needed to measure craniofacial MPAs. The present study adopted an imaging-based quantitative approach to examine craniofacial MPAs across the spectrum of schizophrenia and affective disorders, to address their sensitivity and specificity. We sampled 31 patients with schizophrenia, 30 of their unaffected relatives, and 30 individuals with schizotypal personality traits, as well as 37 non-schizotypal controls. We also examined 17 patients with bipolar disorder and 19 patients with major depressive disorder. Five craniofacial MPAs were measured on anterior-posterior commissure-aligned T1-weighted images of an individual's native brain space: medial-ocular distance, lateral-ocular distance, optical angle, maximum skull length, and skull-base width. Compared to non-schizotypal controls, patients with schizophrenia and their relatives showed a trend toward having smaller optical angles and medial-ocular distance, while no difference was found in patients with bipolar or major depressive disorders, suggesting some degree of specificity to schizophrenia. Our approach may benefit future research on craniofacial MPAs as risk markers for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, and may eventually be useful in strategies to enhance risk stratification using multiple risk markers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

Wang

Deng

et al. 2016

PsyCh Journal

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“…A number of studies have examined morphological changes in the orbit with increasing age, 1–9 but only a few studies have measured changes in the opening angle of the optic nerve and orbit after birth in normal subjects. 7–9 We measured the opening angle of the optic nerve and orbit using axial CT images in 147 normal Japanese children aged from 6 months to 18 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2–6 However, there are only three studies on the opening angle of the optic nerve or the orbit. 7–9 Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine changes in the opening angle of the optic nerve and orbit with increasing age using axial CT images in normal Japanese children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in angle of optic nerve and angle of ocular orbit with increasing age in Japanese children

et al. 2014

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PurposeTo study changes in the opening angle of the optic nerve and the angle of the ocular orbit with increasing age in normal Japanese children.MethodsWe studied 147 normal children (aged 6 months to 18 years) who had undergone CT as a diagnostic procedure. Measurements were performed on axial CT images that included the entire optic nerve of both eyes. The opening angle of the optic nerve was defined as the angle formed by the intersection of a line running through the left optic nerve and a vertical line passing through the centre of the nose. The opening angle of the orbit was defined as the angle formed by the intersection of a line running tangentially along the deep lateral wall of the left orbit and a vertical line passing through the centre of the nose. The relationship between age and these opening angles was analysed by regression analysis.ResultsThe correlation between age and opening angle of the optic nerve was not significant. In contrast, the opening angle of the orbit decreased relatively rapidly until about 2–3 years of age, and then it stabilised. The decrease in the opening angle of the orbit with increasing age was significant (p<0.001). The relationship between these two parameters was best fitted by a logarithmic regression curve.ConclusionsBecause the opening angle of the orbit decreased significantly with increasing age, this factor must be considered when diagnosing and treating strabismus in children.

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“…However, the rate of cranial base retroflexion for the present tarsius sample (slope = 0.21) is noticeably less than that reported for fetal samples of Macaca nemestrina (0.28) and Aloutta caraya (0.43) (Jeffery, 2003). In studies of human samples, most of the convergence is reported to occur early in development, primarily during the late embryonic stages of life (Zimmerman et al. 1934; Sperber, 1981; Diewert, 1985).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Craniofacial growth in fetal Tarsius bancanus: brains, eyes and nasal septa

et al. 2007

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The tarsier skull has been of particular interest in studies of primate taxonomy and functional morphology for several decades. Despite this, there remains no comprehensive data on how the tarsier skull develops, especially in relation to the soft-tissues of the head. Here we have documented for the first time fetal development of the skull and brain as well as the nasal septum and eyes in T. bancanus . We have also tested for the possible influence of these tissues in shaping skull architecture. Nineteen post-mortem specimens were imaged using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance microscopy. Landmarks and volume data were collected and analysed. Findings demonstrated massive increases of brain size and eye size as well as flattening of the midline cranial base, facial projection and orbital margin frontation. Little evidence was found to support the notion that growth of the brain or nasal septum physically drives the observed changes of the skull. However, increases in the size of the eyes relative to skull size were associated with orbital margin frontation. With the possible exception of the results for eye size, the findings indicate that rather than forcing change the soft-tissues form a framework that physically constrains the morphogenetic template of the skeletal elements. This suggests, for example, that the degree of cranial base angulation seen in adulthood is not directly determined by brain expansion bending the basicranium, but by brain enlargement limiting the extent of cranial base flattening (retroflexion) in the fetus.

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The change in position of the eyeballs during fetal life

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

A trend toward smaller optical angles and medial‐ocular distance in schizophrenia spectrum, but not in bipolar and major depressive disorders

Changes in angle of optic nerve and angle of ocular orbit with increasing age in Japanese children

Craniofacial growth in fetal Tarsius bancanus: brains, eyes and nasal septa

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