The Challenge of Stability and Security in West Africa

Abstract

Th is work is a product of the staff of Th e World Bank with external contributions. Th e fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily refl ect the views of Th e World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent, or the Agence Française de Développement. Th e World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Th e boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of Th e World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of Th e World Bank, all of which are specifi cally reserved.

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Prospective Insect Based Feed Production in West Africa

“…3 Surveyed data: experimental data and information gathered upon on-site system surveys. 4 Approximations, i.e., effects of upscaling, calculation of averages, lifespan of inventory items, emissions, etc. 5 Assumptions, e.g., distances and means of transportation, compliance with quality/safety standards, etc.…”

“…The width of arrows approximates flow quantities in the production process of the IER_A system. Associated numerical data on flow quantities are detailed in Section 3.1. a Process emission (non-point source), i.e., CH 4 Drawing on the expert judgement from persons responsible on site, the built infrastructure (i.e., open-air production shed and basic storage buildings) was modelled with an assumed lifespan of 25 years. For reasons of consistency and to keep the hypothetical investment costs appropriate for the geographical context, the IER production systems were modelled with a maximum daily output of 12 kg dried insect larvae (≤10% water), i.e., 4383 kg dried insect larvae annually.…”

“…The width of arrows approximates flow quantities in the production process of the IER_B system. Associated numerical data on flow quantities are detailed in Section 3.1. a Process emission (non-point source), i.e., CH 4 , N 2 O, NH 3 , H 2 O and volatile solids (< 10 µm). b Waste water from cleaning measures.…”

Africa's Pulse, No. 19, April 2019: An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future

“…The inclusion of civil society in the 2003 Accra peace talks was attributed to their valuable contribution in making peace deals stick and the desire to represent the interests of a wide range of groups in society. Civil society was also ultimately included in the power-sharing agreement that emerged from those talks (Marc, Verjee, and Mogaka 2015). Analogously, the Inter-Religious Council of Sierra Leone played an active role in building confidence and trust between the government and the rebels, during and after the 1991-2002 civil war in Sierra Leone, and helped prevent the emergence of religious divisions.…”

The Influence of R&amp;D on Economic Development in the West African Sub-Region

“…Furthermore, the last decade has seen a dramatic change in the character of violence in West Africa. Violence has shifted away from the large-scale conflict events and intrastate wars that characterized the postcolonial and post-cold war periods toward an increase in low-level insurgencies and political violence by non-state actors [5]. These conflicts and other adverse factors, notably poor weather conditions and deterioration in the terms of trade, have led to loss in economic momentum in the region over the last two decades [1] [3] [4].…”