The Chalky Boulder Clays of Norfolk and Suffolk

Abstract

In the past there have been two main lines of approach to the glacial problems of East Anglia:—(1) Attempts to find out the number of. glacial and interglacial deposits; and(2) The direction or directions of ice-movement as shown by the constituent materials.A fresh investigation of the boulder clays has been undertaken, combining as far as possible these two points of view, with special attention (so far) to the varieties of “Chalky Boulder Clay” (see Baden-Powell, 1948, pp. 287–8).

A polyphase glacitectonic model for ice-marginal retreat and terminal moraine development: the Middle Pleistocene British Ice Sheet, northern Norfolk, UK

“…Previous workers (Baden-Powell, 1948;Banham and Ranson, 1965;Fish et al, 2000;Hart, 2007) have concluded that the deformed sediments exposed within this quarry can be broadly equated with the glacitectonised sequence seen on the nearby coast. These coastal sections are dominated by a glacitectonic mélange produced by subglacial deformation (Pawley et al, 2004;Hart, 2007) associated with the easterly directed A5 event (Table 1) of Lee et al (2011a).…”

Age limits on Middle Pleistocene glacial sediments from OSL dating, north Norfolk, UK

“…These consist of: (1) a two-stage scheme with glaciation occurring during the Anglian and Wolstonian stages (Baden-Powell, 1948;West and Donner, 1956;Mitchell et al, 1973;Gibbard et al, 1992;Banham et al, 2001); (2) a single-stage scheme with extensive glaciation occurring during the Anglian Stage (MIS 12) (Perrin et al, 1979;Banham, 1988;Hart and Boulton, 1991;Lunkka, 1994); and (3) a multiple-stage scheme with glacial advances occurring in several Middle Pleistocene cold stages Clark et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2004a). The last of these schemes (Table 1) is based upon recognition of several lithologically distinct till sheets in northeast Norfolk, separated by glacial retreat sediments and which are interpreted to reflect glacier advances during eccentricityforced climate cooling.…”

“…1a), and were correlated with the Elsterian and Saalian glaciations of northwest Europe respectively (Mitchell et al, 1973). The view of two Middle Pleistocene lowland glaciations persisted in Britain until deposits relating to the Wolstonian Glaciation in the English Midlands (Shotton, 1986) and northern East Anglia (Baden-Powell, 1948;West and Donner, 1956;Bristow and Cox, 1973;West, 1977, Straw, 1983 were subsequently re-interpreted as Anglian in age (Perrin et al, 1979;Rose, 1987Rose, , 1989Rose, , 1991. As a result, the concept of the Wolstonian Glaciation in Britain was abandoned leaving the Anglian glaciation as the only extensive Middle Pleistocene glaciation.…”

European and Northwest African Middle Pleistocene Hominids

“…Judging from the molluscan faunas, the Thames and Rhine rivers were separate during the earlier stage, whereas, in the Late Boyn Hill CURRENTANTHROPOLOCV and more likely several, glacial advances preceded the aggradation of the deposits that constitute the Boyn' Hill Terrace, since: (1) within' the gravels, far-traveled glacial erratics are found, attributed by Baden-Powell (1951) to the Lowestoft (Lower Chalky Boulder Clay) Glaciation; (2) the Thames River flowed at the time in its present terraced valley, previously having been diverted southward [rom more northeasterly courses by glacial advance(s) (Wooldridge 1938(Wooldridge , 1957Wooldridge and Linton 1955); (3) such gravels overlie glacial boulder clay at certain other exposures (Hornchurch); and (4) the great thickness of the Swanscombe gravels indicates a considerable rise in sea level during their aggradation, a rise, in fact, of approximately 107 feet, corresponding with the extent of the Tyrrhenian I marine transgression of the Mediterranean. The initial point is of particular importance, since the southeasterly-directed Lowesroft glacial advance pre ceded the southerly-directed Gipping glacial advance and was separated from it by a major interglacial stage (Baden-Powell 1948;.West and Donner 1956). This interglacial stage, termed the Hoxnian ("Vest )955), equates with the Needian of the marine succession of the Netherlands, and with other continental localities of Great Interglacial age on pollen-analytical grounds (West 1956).…”