The Central Nervous System

Lorenzi, Davide De; Mandara, Maria Teresa

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4083-3.00014-0

Cited by 15 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Pleocytosis was defined as TNCC > 5 cells/ μ L and was further split into mild (<50 cells/ μ L) moderate (≥50 and < 200 cells/ μ L) and severe (≥200 cells/ μ L) 16 . The cytologic classification of CSF was considered neutrophilic when >25% neutrophils were present.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs: Main patterns and prevalence of albuminocytological dissociation

2021

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Background: Albuminocytological dissociation (ACD) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is defined as an increased total protein concentration with normal total nucleated cell count. It is suspected to occur in diseases that alter the blood-brain barrier, increase the production of protein or obstruct the flow of CSF. The purposes of this study were to review the CSF analysis results of a large cohort of dogs with neurological conditions, to analyse the total prevalence of ACD and to describe which diseases have a higher prevalence of ACD. Study design and methods: Medical records were retrospectively searched for dogs whom CSF was sampled from 2012-2019. Data collected included signalment, body weight, site of collection of the CSF, CSF analysis results, and final diagnosis. Results: A total of 497 dogs met the inclusion criteria. ACD was identified in 16.5% (82/497) of dogs. The diseases with higher proportion of ACD were cranial nerve neuropathy (6/10; 60.0%), brain tumour (10/24; 41.7%), idiopathic vestibular disease (7/17; 41.2%) and brain vascular disease (4/13; 30.8%). Clinical significance: This study describes the CSF patterns of the most common neurological conditions in dogs, also characterizing, for the first time in dogs, the prevalence and causes of ACD, which was identified in 16.5 % of the samples. The diseases with highest proportions of ACD were cranial nerve neuropathy, brain tumour, idiopathic vestibular disease and brain vascular disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mononuclear or lymphocytic pleocytosis were described when >70% cells where mononuclear or lymphocytes, respectively. Mixed pleocytosis was considered when there was not a clear predominance of one type of cell, and eosinophilic pleocytosis when >1% of eosinophils were present 16 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs: Main patterns and prevalence of albuminocytological dissociation

2021

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“…Normal CSF is a product of plasma filtration and membrane secretion, primarily by the cells of the choroid plexi (Di Terlizzi & Platt ). It is typically clear and colourless, with little protein, no erythrocytes and very low numbers of nucleated cells, most commonly cited as 0 to 5 cells per microlitre in dogs (De Lorenzi & Mandara ). In pathological states, local disease and disruption of the blood–brain barrier may result in increased CSF cellularity (termed pleocytosis) and protein content, which may be detected as part of routine laboratory analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid in‐house method of CSF analysis utilising sedimentation direct from the spinal needle

Hare

Sanchini

Worrall

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives To establish the utility of a novel in‐house method of CSF analysis using sedimentation cytology direct from the spinal needle for the detection of laboratory‐defined pleocytosis. Materials and Methods In dogs and cats undergoing routine CSF analysis for investigation of neurological signs, an additional preparation was made at the patient's side by inverting the spinal needle on a slide and sedimenting for at least 1 hour. Nucleated cellularity and differential counts were assessed and compared with “gold‐standard” analysis. Variability of cell counts between observers and within slides using the new method was evaluated to optimise the procedure. Results Using a ×50 objective, at least 10 fields and an average of more than five cells per field were considered appropriate guidelines to achieve correct classification of samples (normal or pleocytosis). The new method had high sensitivity (89%) and specificity (100%) for the detection of laboratory‐defined pleocytosis. Agreement on the type of pleocytosis was good. Clinical Significance Clinically useful information can be obtained from CSF samples in a patient‐side setting without additional equipment. This technique may be of benefit if little fluid is available or if logistical constraints limit the availability of rapid specialist results.

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“…2 Moreover, smearing the very small cell button is impracticable in low cellular fluids, such as CSF or even BALF, in most instances. Gravity sedimentation chambers can be built with in-house material 3,12,13 , but these require up to 60 minutes for cell sedimentation, and the resulting slides are usually of lower quality compared to cytocentrifuge preparations. 14 With the manual cytocentrifugation method described in this report, veterinary practitioners can easily perform stable cytocentrifuge preparations suitable for shipping and evaluation by a reference laboratory, avoiding cellular degeneration and artifacts due to the long storage of low-protein fluids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytocentrifuge preparation in veterinary cytology: a quick, simple, and affordable manual method to concentrate low cellularity fluids

Marcos

Santos

Marrinhas

et al. 2016

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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The Central Nervous System

Cited by 15 publications

References 100 publications

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs: Main patterns and prevalence of albuminocytological dissociation

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs: Main patterns and prevalence of albuminocytological dissociation

Rapid in‐house method of CSF analysis utilising sedimentation direct from the spinal needle

Cytocentrifuge preparation in veterinary cytology: a quick, simple, and affordable manual method to concentrate low cellularity fluids

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