The cell and developmental biology of tendons and ligaments

Benjamin, M.; Ralphs, J. R.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(00)96003-0

Cited by 196 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…A fibrocartilaginous (or direct) enthesis is composed of four zones: a dense fibrous connective tissue tendon or ligament zone, uncalcified fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage, and bone. The outer border of calcification is indicated by a so-called tidemark with basophilic nature, similar to the tidemark found in articular cartilage [6]. The fibrocartilage cells synthesize extracellular matrix that is rich in aggrecan and collagen type II, both of which are typical of articular cartilage.…”

Section: Injuries Of Tendons and Ligamentsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Innovative Strategies for Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries in Human and Animal Athletes

Hoffmann¹,

Groß²

2009

Genetics and Sports

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Abstract.Our aim is to review here some recent progress in the management of musculo-skeletal disorders.We will cover novel therapeutic approaches based on growth factors, gene therapy and cells including stem cells which may be combined with each other as appropriate. We focus mainly on the treatment of soft tissue injuries -muscle, cartilage, and tendon/ligament for both human and animal athletes. The need for innovative strategies results from the fact that despite all efforts, the current strategies for cartilage and tendon/ligament still result in the formation of functionally and biomechanically inferior tissues after injury (a phenomenon called "repair" as opposed to proper "regeneration") whereas the outcome for muscle is more favourable. Innovative approaches are urgently needed not only to enhance the outcome of conservative or surgical procedures but also to speed up the healing process from the very long disabling periods which is of special relevance for athletes.Introduction.

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Section: Injuries Of Tendons and Ligamentsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Innovative Strategies for Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries in Human and Animal Athletes

Hoffmann¹,

Groß²

2009

Genetics and Sports

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“…This is reminiscent of the natural behavior of tenocytes in vivo, which elongate along the uniaxially oriented, parallel aligned collagen fibers of tendon. 1 In contrast, both human and rat tenocytes cultured in the collagen gels did not elongate, instead they spread in all directions within the gels. This may account for the expression of nontenocytic genes in this culture system, as tenocyte phenotype is closely linked to cell morphology.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea mechanical resistance. 1 In this study, we compared Spidrex to a similarly knitted B. mori silk scaffold, a 3D collagen gel and Fiberwire suture material.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Tendon injuries are an increasingly common clinical problem occurring in otherwise healthy, active people and are primarily caused by overuse or trauma. 2,3 Tears of the rotator cuff tendon in the shoulder are a particular problem, with full-thickness tearstissue-engineered biomaterial aims to promote full tendon regeneration and recovery by providing temporary mechanical support to the injured tendon, and enhancing tendon cell growth and activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In VitroEvaluation of a Novel Non-Mulberry Silk Scaffold for Use in Tendon Regeneration

Musson

Naot

Chhana

et al. 2015

Tissue Engineering Part A

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Tearing of the rotator cuff tendon in the shoulder is a significant clinical problem, with large/full-thickness tears present in *22% of the general population and recurrent tear rates postarthroscopic repair being quoted as high as 94%. Tissue-engineered biomaterials are increasingly being investigated as a means to augment rotator cuff repairs, with the aim of inducing host cell responses to increase tendon tissue regeneration. Silk-derived materials are of particular interest due to the high availability, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility of silks. In this study, Spidrex Ò , a novel knitted, non-mulberry silk fibroin scaffold was evaluated in vitro for its potential to improve tendon regeneration. Spidrex was compared with a knitted Bombyx mori silk scaffold, a 3D collagen gel and Fiberwire Ò suture material. Primary human and rat tenocytes successfully adhered to Spidrex and significantly increased in number over a 14 day period ( p < 0.05), as demonstrated by fluorescent calcein-AM staining and alamarBlue Ò assays. A similar growth pattern was observed with human tenocytes cultured on the B. mori scaffold. Morphologically, human tenocytes elongated along the silk fibers of Spidrex, assuming a tenocytic cell shape, and were less circular with a higher aspect ratio compared with human tenocytes cultured on the B. mori silk scaffold and within the collagen gel ( p < 0.05). Gene expression analysis by real-time PCR showed that rat tenocytes cultured on Spidrex had increased expression of tenocyte-related genes such as fibromodullin, scleraxis, and tenomodulin ( p < 0.05). Expression of genes that indicate transdifferentiation toward a chondrocytic or osteoblastic lineage were significantly lower in tenocytes cultured on Spidrex in comparison to the collagen gel ( p < 0.05). Immunogenicity assessment by the maturation of and cytokine release from primary human dendritic cells demonstrated that Spidrex enhanced dendritic cell maturation in a similar manner to the clinically used suture material Fiberwire, and significantly upregulated the release of proinflammatory cytokines ( p < 0.05). This suggests that Spidrex may induce an early immune response postimplantation. While further work is required to determine what effect this immune response has on the tendon healing process, our in vitro data suggests that Spidrex may have the cytocompatibility and bioactivity required to support tendon regeneration in vivo.

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“…Benjamin & Ralphs, 2000, describen en su estudio sobre bases biológicas del desarrollo de tendones y ligamentos, que las propiedades físicas y de viscoelasticidad de éste dependen de su constitución bioquímica, como es su contenido en agua, cantidad de fibras, presencia de proteoglicanos y colágena, que varía con la edad.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Cambios Morfológicos en la Regeneración del Tendón Calcáneo de Rata (Sprague Dawley) por la Aplicación de Ultrasonido Continuo

Schencke

Sol

2010

Int. J. Morphol.

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SOL, M. Cambios morfológicos en la regeneración del tendón calcáneo de rata (Sprague Dawley) por la aplicación de ultrasonido continuo. Int. J. Morphol., 28(2):601-608, 2010. RESUMEN:Las lesiones de los tendones plantean siempre grandes problemas clínicos y terapéuticos, por su importancia funcional y su peculiar cicatrización. El apoyo fisiátrico, específicamente el tratamiento con ultrasonido, ha demostrado ser eficiente en la regeneración del tendón calcáneo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar morfológicamente los efectos del uso de ultrasonido continuo en la regeneración post quirúrgica del tendón calcáneo de rata. Se utilizaron 15 ratas albinas, Sprager Dawle. Luego de 48 horas post tenorrafia se comenzó con una sesión diaria de ultrasonido terapéutico con una intensidad de 1W/cm 2 , frecuencia de 3 MHZ, cabezal de 0,5 cm de ERA, por 30 segundos durante 10 días. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas 48 horas después de terminar las aplicaciones de ultrasonido para la extracción y disección del tendón calcáneo del miembro posterior derecho, mientras que el tendón del miembro posterior izquierdo sirvió de control normal. Para fines de comparación morfológica se trabajó con un grupo de ratas control del tratamiento, en el que se provocó la lesión sin aplicar ultrasonido. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formalina tamponada y teñidas con H.E. Los tendones del grupo experimental se encontraron en un estado de regeneración avanzada, cuyos fibroblastos presentaron características morfológicas propias de una célula activa en la síntesis y secreción de matriz extracelular, con un promedio de fibroblastos similar al obtenido en el tendón normal. A su vez, el tendón del grupo sin tratamiento presentó un estado de regeneración tardío. Las fibras colágenas estaban invadidas por tejido conjuntivo y vasos sanguíneos, con un promedio de fibroblastos que triplica al promedio encontrado en el control normal, lo que determinó que el tendón sin aplicación de ultrasonido se encontrara aún en proceso inflamatorio. Este estudio confirma que el uso de ultrasonido continuo genera una rápida proliferación celular en el tendón lesionado de rata, y en consecuencia, acelera su regeneración.PALABRAS CLAVE: Tendón calcáneo; Ultrasonido; Morfología; Regeneración tendinosa. INTRODUCCIÓNEn el Hombre el tendón calcáneo es el más grueso y resistente del organismo, sin embargo sus lesiones son bastante frecuentes.Benjamin & Ralphs, 2000, describen en su estudio sobre bases biológicas del desarrollo de tendones y ligamentos, que las propiedades físicas y de viscoelasticidad de éste dependen de su constitución bioquímica, como es su contenido en agua, cantidad de fibras, presencia de proteoglicanos y colágena, que varía con la edad.El tendón, en general, es una estructura alargada, de gran resistencia tensil. Se constituye por fibras de colágeno Tipo I, envueltos por un tejido conjuntivo laxo, por donde discurren vasos, linfáticos y fibas nerviosas, denominado endotenon el que se continúa con el peritendon que rodea al tendón externamente. La contin...

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The cell and developmental biology of tendons and ligaments

Cited by 196 publications

References 133 publications

Innovative Strategies for Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries in Human and Animal Athletes

Innovative Strategies for Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries in Human and Animal Athletes

In VitroEvaluation of a Novel Non-Mulberry Silk Scaffold for Use in Tendon Regeneration

Cambios Morfológicos en la Regeneración del Tendón Calcáneo de Rata (Sprague Dawley) por la Aplicación de Ultrasonido Continuo

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