1993
DOI: 10.1093/hgs/7.2.216
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The Catholic Resistance Circle in Berlin and German Catholic Bishops during the Holocaust

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“…There is also evidence indicating that the reverse story holds. One of the strongest rescue networks in Protestant Berlin was build around a circle of Catholics coordinated by social worker Grete Sommer (Phayer, 1993) It has also been claimed that German Catholics were in general more tolerant towards Jews due to their minority position, especially compared to their co-religionists in Catholic Austria (Pulzer, 1988).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There is also evidence indicating that the reverse story holds. One of the strongest rescue networks in Protestant Berlin was build around a circle of Catholics coordinated by social worker Grete Sommer (Phayer, 1993) It has also been claimed that German Catholics were in general more tolerant towards Jews due to their minority position, especially compared to their co-religionists in Catholic Austria (Pulzer, 1988).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indeed, early work on the role of civil society in particular cases highlights various promising instances of civil society resistance to mass killing. For instance, Fein's seminal studies shows that where the Catholic church and other churches actively opposed anti-Semitism and, later, deportation, violence against Jews was lower than in cases where Christian organizations were acquiescent or supportive of the violence (Fein 1979; see also Phayer 1993). Similarly, Longman (2010) finds that dissent and non-cooperation by some Christian churches slowed down and displaced genocidal violence in some Rwandan communities.…”
Section: The Optimists: Civil Society As Restrainermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A large body of work has focused on the important role played by civil society and non-governmental actors in initiating different forms of rescue, evasion, and assistance in the midst of different cases of mass killings, as well as the political pressure they have applied in bringing about the ends of civil conflicts (Nilsson 2012;Gbowee 2011;Robinson 2010). In cases as diverse as Nazi Germany (Fein 1979;Phayer 1993), Nazi-occupied Holland (Braun 2016;Varese and Yaish 2000) and France (Moore 2010), Rwanda (Longman 2010), India (Varshney 2002), East Timor (Robinson 2010), Colombia (Kaplan 2017), the Ottoman Empire (Tevosyan 2004), and Eastern Europe (McMahon 2007), churches, civic organizations, labor unions, local community councils, and transnational networks played important roles in halting or foiling killings, providing protection, and reducing the number of killed overall.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%