“…Sea-water intakes and associated internal pipework of coastal factories, desalination plants, and power stations also have a well-documented history of problems from biofouling, particularly bivalves (Satpathy et al, 2010;Polman et al, 2013). In aquaculture operations, biofouling can result in biocorrosion (Li and Ning, 2019;Omran and Abdel-Salam, 2020), increased weight loading and hydrodynamic drag (Macleod et al, 2016;Vinagre et al, 2020), and production losses (e.g., occlusion, disease, competition, escape, or stock drop off) (Georgiades et al, 2016;Bannister et al, 2019). In nuclear power plants, biofouling has caused significant pressure drops in cooling water systems that impose serious production penalties and can instigate safety concerns (Neitzel et al, 1984, Satpathy, 1999.…”