The Catalepsy Test

Sanberg, Paul R.; Martinez, Rodrigo; Shytle, R. Douglas; Cahill, David W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-469-6_7

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The response of the young to maternal transport has also been occasionally referred to as a type of behavioral arrest or immobility response [14,15], which includes tonic immobility (including freezing by fear and “animal hypnosis”) [16,17], dorsal immobility [18], and clamp- [19] or bandaging-induced immobility [14]. In particular, the limb posture regulation during the Transport Response and the dorsal immobility are similar, thus the clear distinction between them has not been made in the previous literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Response is a filial-specific behavioral response to maternal carrying in C57BL/6 mice

et al. 2013

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BackgroundA mother carries her young in many altricial mammals, such as cats, lions, rats and mice. During maternal carrying, the transported young assume a compact posture. We have recently shown that, in both humans and mice, the carried infants immediately calmed down and showed reductions in heart rate, distress vocalizations, and voluntary movement. The loss of the calming response in mouse pups hindered maternal retrieval efficacy. These findings suggested that the infant calming response functioned to reduce the maternal burden of carrying and was therefore conserved in a variety of mammalian species. However, it remains unclear how and when each component of this calming response develops and whether it is a filial-specific behavior.ResultsWe dissected various components of the carrying-induced responses in mouse pups, collectively called the “Transport Response” herein. We showed that during the second postnatal week, pups exhibited characteristic compact posture with limb ventroflexion. The body trunk remained paradoxically pliable, suggesting complex neural regulation throughout the body. Pups also showed an increased pain tolerance to a tail pinch during the Transport Response. Analyses of the developmental courses of distinct components of the Transport Response revealed the independent regulation of each component: in the first postnatal week, the cessation of ultrasonic vocalizations was exhibited prominently; in the second postnatal week, immobilization reached its peak; and toward the third postnatal week, the postural component became fully matured. At the end of the third postnatal week, when the pups are able to transport by themselves, the pups no longer exhibited the Transport Response.ConclusionsThis study has revealed the mouse Transport Response as a complex set of behavioral and physiological components, each of which has a specific postnatal time window but is orchestrated in a well-matched manner with the maturation of ambulatory ability in the pups. These findings collectively indicate that the Transport Response is a filial-specific, innate behavioral reaction and is distinct from a simple reflex or defensive freezing response. The Transport Response could be a novel index of primitive filial attachment behaviors, acting to smooth mother-infant interaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Response is a filial-specific behavioral response to maternal carrying in C57BL/6 mice

et al. 2013

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“…The procedure most frequently employed to assess the haloperidol-induced catalepsy response is the bar test (e.g., Sanberg et al, 1996;Alvarez-Cervera et al, 2005). In this procedure, the animal's front forepaws are placed on a bar elevated above the ground so that the animal is in an unusual position, and the time it takes to lower the forepaws to the ground is recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, two experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of manipulating total time of context-drug pairings (Experiment 1) and the duration of the Inter Stimulus Interval between drug administration and context exposure (Experiment 2). We recorded the time that the animals remained in an unusual position using the bar test as an index of catalepsy (see for example, Sanberg et al, 1996). If catalepsy conditioning corresponds to the rules of Pavlovian conditioning, there should be an increase in catalepsy on the drug-free tests when the time of CS-US exposure during conditioning is extended, while conditioned catalepsy should be reduced after an increase in the duration of the interval stimulus interval.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Factors Modulate Haloperidol-Induced Conditioned Catalepsy

Cárcel

Casa

2021

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Repeated pairings of a neutral context and the effects of haloperidol give rise to conditioned catalepsy when the context is subsequently presented in a drug-free test. In order to confirm whether this response is based on Pavlovian processes, we conducted two experiments involving two manipulations that affect conditioning intensity in classical conditioning procedures: time of joint exposure to the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus, and the length of the inter-stimulus interval (ISI). The results revealed that both an increase in the length of context-drug pairings during conditioning and a reduced ISI between drug administration and context exposure increased conditioned catalepsy. These results are discussed in terms of the temporal peculiarities of those procedures that involve drugs as the unconditioned stimulus along with the role of Pavlovian conditioning in context-dependent catalepsy.

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“…Effect of Morphine and Ketamine in Catalepsy Test Catalepsy was evaluated by placing the animal with both forelegs over a horizontal bar (diameter, 0.5 cm; length, 10.5 cm) fixed at 9.0 cm above the floor (Sanberg et al, 1996). 20) The time (s) during which the rat maintained this position was recorded for up to 300 s. Recovery from catalepsy was considered when the forepaw touched the floor or when the rat climbed upon the bar.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20) The time (s) during which the rat maintained this position was recorded for up to 300 s. Recovery from catalepsy was considered when the forepaw touched the floor or when the rat climbed upon the bar. Five groups of rats (eight in each) were randomly assigned to the following treatments.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%