“…The leadership of the head of the madrasa in developing Islamic culture is not an easy task (Mujib & Ali, 2022;Kusumaputri et al, 2023;Norman et al, 2024); it requires a deep understanding of Islamic values as well as the ability to apply them in a modern context (Lahmar, 2020;Uyuni & Adnan, 2020;Santoso et al, 2021). This is important because madrassas are expected to produce academically capable graduates and those with Islamic solid morals and ethics (Isnaini et al, 2020;Nasser et al, 2022;Chuanchen & Zaini, 2023).…”