The case for recycling: Overview and challenges in the material supply chain for automotive li-ion batteries

Mayyas, Ahmad; Steward, Darlene; Mann, Margaret

doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00087

Cited by 194 publications

(244 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Firstly, battery recycling facilities in Japan are pyrometallurgical [51,52], recovering the Co and Ni as molten metal alloys and the Li and Mn as slag [53]. A shift to hydrometallurgical technologies must be carried out in order to obtain high-grade materials that can be used in the production of new batteries.…”

Section: Main Assumptions and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Sato

Nakata

2019

Sustainability

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This study aims to propose a model to forecast the volume of critical materials that can be recovered from lithium-ion batteries (LiB) through the recycling of end of life electric vehicles (EV). To achieve an environmentally sustainable society, the wide-scale adoption of EV seems to be necessary. Here, the dependency of the vehicle on its batteries has an essential role. The efficient recycling of LiB to minimize its raw material supply risk but also the economic impact of its production process is going to be essential. Initially, this study forecasted the vehicle fleet, sales, and end of life vehicles based on system dynamics modeling considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of life. Then, the volumes of the critical materials supplied for LiB production and recovered from recycling were identified, considering variations in the size/type of batteries. Finally, current limitations to achieve closed-loop production in Japan were identified. The results indicate that the amount of scrapped electric vehicle batteries (EVB) will increase by 55 times from 2018 to 2050, and that 34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn) required for the production of new LiB could be supplied by recovered EVB in 2035.

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Section: Main Assumptions and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Sato

Nakata

2019

Sustainability

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“…180 Figures for available reserves are constantly changing and the fraction of total resources that are economically extractable depends on the maturity of extraction technology 177,[181][182][183] and value of the commodity, the latter having more than tripled in the last five years for Li. 184 Recent analysis suggests that total demand for Li could increase to 80,000 tons per annum by 2030, 179 and consequently, a number of new Li mining projects are already underway. 178 Lithium is also extensively used in glasses and ceramics (applications that are also predicted to increase in the future); however, availability of Li is not expected to significantly impact LIB production in the next 20 years.…”

Section: Resource Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…199 However, similar recycling regulations do not exist for LIBs, and currently, most LIBs are landfilled as recycling has not been proven to be economically viable at scale. 184 Recycling of LIBs is complex because of the mix of materials used in the batteries. If spent LIBs are burned as a general type of solid waste, they will produce hazardous gases, such as HF due to the fluorinated electrolyte.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recycling of LIBs typically involves pyrometallurgical (smelting) and/or hydrometallurgical (chemical separation) processes. 184,201,202 Pyrometallurgical methods are usually limited to recovering Co, Ni, and Cu; however Al, Mn, and Li are lost in the slag. 184 Additionally, these processes require a large amount of energy with 5000 MJ of heat being required per metric ton of battery treatment (for smelter and gas cleanup).…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-rate lithium ion energy storage to facilitate increased penetration of photovoltaic systems in electricity grids

Lennon

Jiang

Hall

et al. 2019

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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“…[10][11][12] Some essential metals used in LIBs like lithium, cobalt, and graphite are extracted in few countries with limited quantities. [13] Therefore, it is extremely essential to develop a plethora of recycling methods of the active components of LIBs for reuse in various applications. Provali et al reported the recovery of Li, Fe, and Mn from cathodes of spent batteries using HCl and H 2 O 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Li−Ni−Mn−Co Hydroxide from Spent Batteries to Produce High‐Performance Supercapacitors with Exceptional Stability

et al. 2020

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The intensive implementation of Li‐ion batteries in many markets makes it increasingly urgent to address the recycling of strategic materials from spent batteries. Batteries typically contain toxic chemicals and cannot be disposed of at will. In this study, Li−Ni−Mn−Co hydroxides are successfully recycled from spent Li‐ion batteries electrodeposited on nickel foam, and fully characterized using different techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The recycled nanostructured films are tested in a three‐electrode electrochemical system to investigate their capacitance behavior. The recycled electrodes show high capacitance of 951 F g−1 (specific capacity of 523.5 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. Moreover, the recycled materials are used as positive electrodes to construct asymmetric supercapacitor devices. The device shows a coulombic efficiency of 100 %, a capacitance retention reaching approximately 90 % with excellent cycling stability after 10 000 cycles as well as reasonable power and energy densities.

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The case for recycling: Overview and challenges in the material supply chain for automotive li-ion batteries

Cited by 194 publications

References 13 publications

Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

High-rate lithium ion energy storage to facilitate increased penetration of photovoltaic systems in electricity grids

Recycling of Li−Ni−Mn−Co Hydroxide from Spent Batteries to Produce High‐Performance Supercapacitors with Exceptional Stability

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