The carotid artery wall thickness in teenagers is related to their diet and the typical risk factors of heart disease among adults

Sanchez, Albert; Barth, Jacques D.; Zhang, Ling

doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00532-3

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In most evaluations, at least 1 component of blood pressure 1,3,20 -22 and lipid status was significantly associated with the presence of premature atherosclerosis. Low HDL-cholesterol levels were correlated with increased IMT in a sample of high school students 13 to 18 years old 21 and in PDAY subjects aged 25 to 34 years, 1 whereas in other studies, LDL, non-HDL, and/or total cholesterol qualified as significant risk predictors. 1,3,20 -22 Lack of an association of between LDL cholesterol and IMT in our study may be explained by the fact that in a majority of subjects LDL levels were low and beneath the limits predictive of atherosclerosis in adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Young Males

et al. 2003

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Background-Necropsy studies suggest that atherosclerosis begins in childhood, but in vivo confirmation of this concept is sparse and limited to selected population samples. Furthermore, new risk concepts of atherosclerosis focusing on inflammation, infections, and immunity have not yet been evaluated in this age group. Methods and Results-This study was conducted in a sample of 141 17-to 18-year-old white males homogenous in age and sex. In addition to classic risk factors, C-reactive protein and the humoral and cellular immune reactivity to heat-shock proteins (HSPs) were assessed. Intima-media thickness (IMT) was quantified at 4 vessel segments of the carotid and femoral arteries. High IMT was considered to be present if the IMT of at least 1 vessel segment exceeded the 90th percentile. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, cigarette smoking, high diastolic blood pressure, prominent immune reactivity to human and/or mycobacterial HSP60s, alcohol consumption (inverse), and low HDL cholesterol levels were all associated with high IMT. The prevalence of high IMT substantially increased from 0 to 60% when the number of risk conditions in a single individual increased from 0 to 4 (PϽ0.001 for linear trend). Conclusions-Our study supports the concept that atherosclerosis begins in the first decades of life and suggests a role of the immune system, especially immunoreactivity against HSP60s, in atherosclerosis of young individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Young Males

et al. 2003

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“…14 Clustering of risk factors also affects carotid intima-media thickness, which increases with increasing numbers of risk factors even in healthy adolescents. 15,16 These increases in carotid intimamedia thickness, seen in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and in normal children, may be mediated through both traditional risk factors such as LDL and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and nontraditional ones such as apolipoprotein B, fibrinogen, homocysteine, 17 and levels of inflammation as indicated by C-reactive protein. 18 Family history is important; increased carotid intima-media thickness has been found in adolescents with a family history of premature myocardial infarction.…”

Section: In Vivo Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Therapy of High-Risk Lipid Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents

McCrindle¹,

Urbina

Dennison³

et al. 2007

Circulation

362

149

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Abstract-Despite compliance with lifestyle recommendations, some children and adolescents with high-risk hyperlipidemia will require lipid-lowering drug therapy, particularly those with familial hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this statement is to examine new evidence on the association of lipid abnormalities with early atherosclerosis, discuss challenges with previous guidelines, and highlight results of clinical trials with statin therapy in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hypercholesterolemia. Recommendations are provided to guide decision-making with regard to patient selection, initiation, monitoring, and maintenance of drug therapy.

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“…Despite its limitations, 8,9 carotid IMT among adults is associated with obesity and other CHD risk factors, [10][11][12][13][14] arteriographically documented lesions, 15 and subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke. [16][17][18][19] Childhood obesity is also cross-sectionally associated with carotid IMT, [20][21][22][23] and predicts IMT in adulthood. 24 However, because obese children are likely to become obese adults, 25 this longitudinal association may reflect the importance of adult, rather then childhood, obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study

et al. 2003

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OBJECTIVE:Although obese children are at increased risk for coronary heart disease in later life, it is not clear if this association results from the persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood. We examined the relation of adiposity at various ages to the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) at age 35 y. DESIGN: Prior to the determination of IMT by B-mode ultrasound, subjects (203 men, 310 women) had, on average, six measurements of body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) between the ages of 4 and 35 y. Mixed regression models for longitudinal data were used to assess the relation of these characteristics to adult IMT. RESULTS: Overall, adult IMT was associated with levels of both BMI and TSF (Po0.001), with the magnitudes of the associations with childhood adiposity comparable to those with adult levels of BMI and TSF. Furthermore, adult obesity modified the association between childhood adiposity and IMT: high IMT levels were seen only among overweight (BMI Z95th percentile) children who became obese (BMI Z30 kg/m 2 ) adults (Po0.01 for linear trend). In contrast, IMT levels were not elevated among (1) overweight children who were not obese in adulthood, or among (2) thinner children who became obese adults. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the adverse, cumulative effects of childhood-onset obesity that persists into adulthood. Since many overweight children become obese adults, the prevention of childhood obesity should be emphasized.

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The carotid artery wall thickness in teenagers is related to their diet and the typical risk factors of heart disease among adults

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Young Males

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Young Males

Drug Therapy of High-Risk Lipid Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents

The relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study

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