The relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Freedman, David S.; Dietz, William H.; Tang, Rong; Mensah, George A.; Bond, M. Gene; Urbina, Elaine M.; Srinivasan, Sathanur R.; Berenson, Gerald S.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802515

Cited by 200 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The one exception was the study by Wright et al (30) which measured CIMT at age 50 years and showed no association with childhood BMI. Using data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, Freedman et al (37) showed no relationship between childhood BMI status and adult CIMT among adults who were of normal BMI. Interestingly, those in the 90th centile for CIMT actually had lower BMI up to age 7 years.…”

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were therefore very few hypertensive cases to consider (16/130 men). Six studies considered the association between childhood BMI and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) (30,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) , with five of these studies showing a positive association (35)(36)(37)(38)(39) . However, after adjusting for adult BMI only one positive association remained, and this was for the cumulative change in BMI from childhood to adulthood (39) .…”

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is estimated to be 35 %. These trends are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. The aim of this review was to investigate the long-term implications of childhood obesity for metabolic and cardiovascular health, focusing on the independent contribution of childhood obesity to adult disease risk, as distinct from associations mediated by tracking of obesity across the lifespan. The data systematically reviewed provide little evidence to suggest that childhood overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular risk during adulthood. Instead, the data demonstrate that the relationships observed are dependent on tracking of BMI between childhood and adulthood, alongside persistence of dietary patterns and physical activity. Adjustment for adult BMI uncovers unexpected negative associations between childhood BMI and adult disease, suggesting a protective effect of childhood obesity at any given level of adult BMI. Further work is required to explain these findings, both in terms of pathways and statistical artefacts. To conclude, it must be stressed that it is not suggested that childhood obesity is without negative consequence. Childhood obesity is clearly associated with a range of adverse physical and psychological outcomes. However, the data are important in supporting a positive message that the long-term consequences of childhood obesity are avoidable; and that there remains opportunity for intervention across the lifespan. This nuance in understanding long-term risk is important when considering the effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the lifespan. Childhood: Obesity: Metabolic syndrome: Cardiovascular disease: Blood pressureThe worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is currently estimated to be 35 %, rising to over 70 % in some population groups, with rates of obesity nearly doubling between 1980 and 2008 (1) . This is a global phenomenon, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in low-and middleincome countries on the rise, mirroring their transition to the obesogenic environments more commonly associated with 'Western' living. The relationship between obesity and risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood has long been established, with a wealth of evidence demonstrating the considerable impact of excess adiposity on the health and wellbeing of populations (2) . The trends in adult overweight and obesity are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. It has been estimated that 200 million school-aged children were overweight or obese in 2010 worldwide, with a prevalence of >20 % in European states and >30 % in regions of North America (3) . In the UK, the 2007 Foresight report showed that about 8-10 % of girls and boys were obese in 2004, and this was projected to rise to an estimated 25 % by 2050 (4)...

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Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Low-grade inflammation seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from early ages 1,2 suggesting that preventive measures should start early in life. Observational studies have shown that a state of low-grade inflammation is associated with adiposity in children and adolescents, [3][4][5][6] as it has been shown in adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of low-grade inflammation with physical activity, fitness and fatness in prepubertal children; the European Youth Heart Study

et al. 2007

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Objective: To examine the associations of low-grade inflammation with objectively measured physical activity, cardiovascular fitness (CVF) and fatness in prepubertal children. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: One hundred and forty-two children (74 boys and 68 girls) aged 9-10 years (pubertal stage I and II) from the Swedish part of the European Youth Heart Study. Measurements: Total physical activity and its intensity levels (moderate, vigorous, moderate þ vigorous) were measured by accelerometry. CVF was measured with a maximal ergometer bike test. Body fat was derived from the sum of five skinfold thicknesses. The measured low-grade inflammatory markers include C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, complement factors C3 and C4. Results: C-reactive protein and C3 were negatively associated with CVF (b ¼ À0.254 and À0.267, respectively, Po0.05) and positively associated with body fat (b ¼ 0.439 and 0.446, respectively, Po0.001), after controlling for sex, age and pubertal development. C-reactive protein and C3 were not significantly associated with CVF once body fat was in the model. Low-grade inflammation was not associated with physical activity, but physical activity was associated with CVF. Conclusions:The results showed that low-grade inflammatory markers were negatively associated with CVF and positively associated with body fat in prepubertal children. For most of the variables, the influence of fatness was slightly higher than the influence of CVF. The findings suggest that the potential beneficial effects of physical activity on low-grade inflammation may be explained by its association with CVF. Understanding the interplay between physical activity, CVF and fatness may be of importance to reducing cardiovascular disease risk in young people.

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“…7 There is a widely held assumption that childhood obesity is a major risk factor for CVD in adulthood. However, although many studies have shown a positive relationship between childhood obesity and adult CVD risk factors, 8,9 it remains unclear whether childhood obesity exerts an independent effect on adult cardiovascular health. Some studies suggest quite the opposite, with those who were thinnest as children and overweight as adults showing the highest adult metabolic risk profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

2009

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Background: Although the relationship between adult obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown, the relationship with childhood obesity remains unclear. Given the evidence of tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood, this systematic review investigated the independent relationship between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Objective: To investigate the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. Design: Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2008 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to inclusion/ exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Positive associations between childhood BMI and adult blood pressure or carotid intima-media thickness were generally attenuated once adjusted for adult BMI. Associations between childhood BMI and CVD morbidity/mortality had not been adjusted and do not provide evidence of an independent relationship. Negative associations between childhood BMI and blood pressure were observed in several adjusted data sets. Conclusions: Little evidence was found to suggest that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD risk. Instead, the data suggest that relationships observed are dependent on the tracking of BMI from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, evidence suggests that risk of raised blood pressure is highest in those who are at the lower end of the BMI scale in childhood and overweight in adulthood. The findings challenge the widely accepted view that the presence of childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD and that this period should be a priority for public health intervention. Although interventions during childhood may be important in prevention of adult obesity, it is important to avoid the potential for negative consequences when the timing coincides with critical stages of neurological, behavioural and physical development.

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The relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Cited by 200 publications

References 46 publications

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

Associations of low-grade inflammation with physical activity, fitness and fatness in prepubertal children; the European Youth Heart Study

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

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