The Discours merveilleux de la vie, actions et deportments de Catherine de Médicis, Royne-mère opens its summation of the "monstrous vices" of Catherine de Médicis by invoking queens past: "Fredegonde, Brunhild, Plectrude, Judith all their lives inflamed and supported civil wars in this realm, and aimed to keep father and son, brother and brother in the midst of discord." 1 Catherine has done all these things and more, the author tells us, but in case we are not completely convinced, the pamphlet closes with a more detailed comparison of Catherine and Brunhild. Both are foreigners (Brunhild is Spanish; Catherine is Florentine), but the author describes Catherine's superior capacity for evil as the sixteenth-century equivalent of a genetic trait: "Both of the two were foreigners who felt neither affection nor friendship for the kingdom. Now the Italian trumps the Spaniard, and the Florentine all other Italians." 2 Among the crimes these foreign queens share are ingratitude toward their benefactors, a tendency to murder enemies or rivals, a preference for favorites who exploit the French, and an appetite for vengeance (Discours merveilleux, 265, 267, 269, 271). One recurrent charge is a primordial hatred of the valiant French noblesse. Both derailed the French political system (Brunhild by introducing bastards into the royal family, Catherine by appropriating the regency in contravention of custom when Charles IX died) and started civil wars because of their hatred of all things French (273, 275, 277, 279). Despite Brunhild's faults, Catherine is worse, the author insists, and the proof is that she invited her enemies -good French nobles all -to her daughter's wedding in order to arrange for Protestants and Catholics to kill each other. 3 Interspersing the narratives of their misdeeds, the author deliberately conflates Brunhild and Catherine to the point of referring to Catherine as "This Brunhild Florentine" (273). Facile logic by analogy -for instance, Brunhild is an Arian; Arians are heretics; Catherine is a heretic because she is like Brunhild (275) -dots the text.