“…In practice, as we show below, it is necessary only to measure S which is advantageous as S is much more difficult to determine owing to confusion (Scheuer, 1957) and to the fact that many radio sources have a compact scintillating component embedded in a more diffuse non-scintillating component. Provided that the phase variations are small compared with one radian, the level of scintillation gives a measure of the integral of N e along the line of sight (Readhead, Kemp, and Hewish, 1978). Houminer and Hewish (Houminer, 1971;Houminer and Hewish, 1972) showed that variations in scintillation levels could be correlated with structures in the solar wind.…”