The Butler-Volmer equation in electrochemical theory: Origins, value, and practical application

Dickinson, Edmund J. F.; Wain, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114145

Cited by 194 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…As mentioned in the introduction, there is activationcontrolled and diffusion-controlled Butler-Volmer equations, depending on the status of the electrode reaction [23][24][25][26] :…”

Section: Electrochemical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 As for exchange current density, there are several empirical expressions. 23,[40][41][42][43] Basically, the exchange current density is an empirical variable and is different for different cell designs. We will compare two different exchange current expression as will be discussed later.…”

Section: Electrochemical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on which process prevails, there are activation-controlled or diffusioncontrolled Butler-Volmer equations. [23][24][25][26] Both expressions are used to simulate SOFCs depending on if the mass transfer rate is comparable with the charge transfer, that is, a diffusion-controlled reaction. 27 To summarize, whether to choose activation controlled or diffusioncontrolled Butler-Volmer equation is determined if the current density is sufficiently high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical simulation of solid oxide fuel cells comparing different electrochemical kinetics

et al. 2021

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) produce electricity with high electrical efficiency and fuel flexibility without pollution, for example, CO 2 , NO x , SO x, and particles.Still, numerous issues hindered the large-scale commercialization of fuel cell at a large scale, such as fuel storage, mechanical failure, catalytic degradation, electrode poisoning from fuel and air, for example, lifetime in relation to cost. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) couples various physical fields, which is vital to reduce the redundant workload required for SOFC development. Modeling of SOFCs includes the coupling of charge transfer, electrochemical reactions, fluid flow, energy transport, and species transport. The Butler-Volmer equation is frequently used to describe the coupling of electrochemical reactions with current density. The most frequently used is the activation-and diffusion-controlled Butler-Volmer equation. Three different electrode reaction models are examined in the study, which is named case 1, case 2, and case 3, respectively. Case 1 is activation controlled while cases 2 and 3 are diffusion-controlled which take the concentration of redox species into account. It is shown that case 1 gives the highest reaction rate, followed by case 2 and case 3. Case 3 gives the lowest reaction rate and thus has a much lower current density and temperature. The change of activation overpotential does not follow the change of current density and temperature at the interface of the anode and electrolyte and interface of cathode and electrolyte, which demonstrates the non-linearity of the model. This study provides a reference to build electrochemical models of SOFCs and gives a deep understanding of the involved electrochemistry.

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“…As mentioned in the introduction, there is activationcontrolled and diffusion-controlled Butler-Volmer equations, depending on the status of the electrode reaction [23][24][25][26] :…”

Section: Electrochemical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical simulation of solid oxide fuel cells comparing different electrochemical kinetics

et al. 2021

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“…Numerical analysis of the EC response was performed using the Comsol 5.6 software with the Electrochemistry module (see Section 1 in Supplementary Information for details). The electrode reaction was modeled using the Butler-Volmer equation with the exchange current density following the mass action law [42]. The cavity and electrode geometries were described in 2D cylindrical rotation symmetric coordinates and the change in concentration of the oxidized form of the redox probe during the experiment was monitored as the average in a discshaped region close to the bottom of the cavity.…”

Section: Numerical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry in an optical fiber microcavity – optical monitoring of electrochemical processes in picoliter volumes

et al. 2021

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“…Butler-Volmer equations and Nernst's theory are the earliest approaches to describe the physics in batteries. The Butler-Volmer equation relates the current density and the overpotential in batteries 72 . In contrast, Nernst's equation describes the electric potential of the electrode and electrical charge in the battery 73 .…”

Section: Degraded High Slowmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Insight into the Battery Degradation and a Proposal for a Battery Friendly Charging Technique

Sah

Kumar

2021

Preprint

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Li-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles because of their promising characteristics that meet high specific power and energy density requirements. The only setback is the capacity fading due to degradation in Li-ion batteries. The rate of capacity fade in Li-ion batteries in EVs vary based on the charging rate, changes in internal cell temperature and external ambient temperature, and user driving patterns. Since the Li-ion battery is electrochemical, determining the actual cause of degradation at a particular instant and constraining the rate is a big challenge. Further, the causes are related to parameters which are chemical, electrical and mechanical. In this work, the causes of degradation are studied by analysing the variation of parameters for multiple charge types and rates at different ambient temperatures. The analysis leads to developing a new battery friendly charging scheme suitable to fast charge battery at different ambient temperatures appropriately and constrain battery degradation.

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The Butler-Volmer equation in electrochemical theory: Origins, value, and practical application

Cited by 194 publications

References 120 publications

Numerical simulation of solid oxide fuel cells comparing different electrochemical kinetics

Numerical simulation of solid oxide fuel cells comparing different electrochemical kinetics

Electrochemistry in an optical fiber microcavity – optical monitoring of electrochemical processes in picoliter volumes

An Insight into the Battery Degradation and a Proposal for a Battery Friendly Charging Technique

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