“…Moreover, the lack of significant influence on welfare could also be influenced by external factors beyond the control of mustahiq. Economic conditions, market fluctuations, and regulatory constraints can significantly impact the success and profitability of microenterprises (Fajnzylber, Maloney, & Montes-Rojas, 2009;Van Hoang, Gurău, Lahiani, & Seran, 2018;Zaidi, Sapuan, & Kusairi, 2023). It is possible that despite receiving productive zakat funds, mustahiq may face challenges in expanding their businesses or increasing their income due to these external factors.…”