Many government policies contain recommendations how to improve financial literacy, particularly through programmes of financial education and personal finance. However, personal financial management is not solely related to knowledge and financial literacy; individual confidence level in own financial abilities and household differences need to be considered in this regard. This paper investigates household financial efficacy through application of psychometric instruments, financial literacy, risk preference and demographic characteristics towards saving decision behaviour. The sample covers 404 households in Peninsular Malaysia and utilises the logistic and probit empirical model. The results show that household's financial efficacy is essential for household's saving decision behaviour and choice of saving instrument. Financial literacy, race, education and dependence ratio and location (rural or urban) of the household also play a role in saving instruments selection. More specifically, households with higher levels of financial efficacy are more likely to use bank-based or other lower risk saving instruments as compared to nonbanking-based instruments.
The study analyses the effect of public debt on private consumption. It indirectly tests whether a Ricardian equivalence proposition exists in differentiated financial development for the yearly data of 18 Asia Pacific countries from 1990 to 2017 using dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis. The results allow concluding that public debt and private consumption have a long-term co-integrated relationship, and in the general approach, Ricardian equivalence does exist in both long and short term. This implies that an increase in public debt does not increase private consumption because consumers expect governments to raise taxes to service debt such as principal and interest payments. But under the traditional approach Ricardian equivalence does not exist, thus, public debt does affect private consumption. In addition, income, capital accumulation, government expenditure, real interest rate and inflation have a positive effect on private consumption. The key implication of these results is that financial development does not provide evidence for the existence of Ricardian equivalence as it does not have a different effect for different countries.
The stock market has become a significant role in the economy and has attracted investor's attention, as it is to generate funds and make an investment decision for companies and investors as well. Therefore, the objective of this study is to study the effect of the money supply, exchange rate, interest spread and stock market in the short and long run and volatility issue. The study employed monthly data, from January 1997 to August 2018. Method analysis is the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and GARCH model. The findings stated that the money supply, real effective exchange rate, interest spread, had a long-run effect on the performance of the stock market. Money supply and the real effective exchange rate had a positive effect on the stock market performance in the short run. Conversely, the interest spread showed a negative influent on the stock market performance in the short run. The volatility indicated a high persistence between the money supply, real effective exchange rate, interest spread and stock market (KLCI). The implication of the study is the investors or policymakers should take account the changes of interest rate and exchange rate before making stock investment or policy to stabilize the stock market performance.Keywords: Performance, Money Supply, Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER), Interest Spread
This article presents data on digital adoption by enterprises in Malaysian industrial sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected during the periods of Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) and Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) from October 11 to December 31, 2020. Data collection was completed through an online questionnaire survey conducted among a sample of 432 enterprises from four industrial sectors, namely services, retail, manufacturing, and tourism, in all states in Malaysia. The sample was selected using cluster and systematic random sampling. The questionnaire asked respondents to state whether they used the Internet, computers, phones, web sites, e-payment, and e-commerce to complete their activities relating to finance, production and operations, human resource management, and marketing. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. The data show the extent of digital adoption by Malaysian enterprises during the pandemic in comparison to the situation before the pandemic. The data may be of use to other similar researchers as comparison and to policy makers as guides in devising related policies.
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