The burden of osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: a scorecard and economic model

Aziziyeh, Rima; Perlaza, Javier Garcia; Saleem, Najma; Sadat-Ali, Mir; Elsalmawy, Abdulaziz H; McTavish, Rebecca K; Duperrouzel, C; Cameron, Chris

doi:10.1080/13696998.2020.1737536

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Among patients with fractures, our study revealed that the PPPY cost could reach up to USD 31,249.16 for patients undergoing surgeries, including hip replacement, and fractures largely drove the costs of procedures, physiotherapy, and hospitalization. This finding is astronomically higher than the costs reported by previous local studies that ranged from USD 12,868 to USD 20,000 [ 14 , 19 ]. This indicates that the economic burden associated with osteoporosis-related fractures is significant and was previously underestimated.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…The average direct annual cost of osteoporosis in the U.S., Canada, and Europe was estimated to be between USD 5000 and USD 6500 billion [ 18 ]. In Saudi Arabia, the direct cost of osteoporosis-related femoral fractures was estimated at USD 150.60 million, while the total economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures was estimated to be around USD 3.60 billion [ 14 , 19 ]. Osteoporosis-related hospitalization, followed by diagnosis testing and medications, was found to be the major driver of direct costs related to osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis

Balkhi

Alghamdi

Alqusair

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Osteoporosis and its complications are a major health concern in Saudi Arabia, and the prevalence of osteoporosis is on the rise. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct healthcare cost for patients with osteoporosis. A retrospective study was carried out among adult patients with osteoporosis in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. A bottom-up approach was conducted to estimate the healthcare resources used and the total direct medical cost for the treatment of osteoporosis and related fractures. The study included 511 osteoporosis patients, 93% of whom were female. The average (SD) age was 68.5 years (10.2). The total mean direct medical costs for patients without fractures were USD 975.77 per person per year (PPPY), and for those with osteoporotic fractures, the total direct costs were USD 9716.26 PPPY, of which 56% of the costs were attributable to surgery procedures. Prior to fractures, the main cost components were medication, representing 61%, and physician visits, representing 18%. The findings of this study indicated the economic impact of osteoporosis and related fractures. With the aging population in Saudi Arabia, the burden of disease could increase significantly, which highlights the need for effective prevention strategies to minimize the economic burden of osteoporosis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis

Balkhi

Alghamdi

Alqusair

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Osteoporosis is a serious risk factor for bone fracture [25], which has a large medical cost [26,27] and social burden [28]. Some countries have established bone fracture reporting systems to mitigate these costs [29]. Taiwan has also established a medical network for preventing and treating osteoporosisinduced bone fracture [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Osteoporosis Risks and Associated Factors among Caregivers Working in Disability Institutions: IOF One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Check

Lin

Lai

Hsu

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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This study employed the International Osteoporosis Foundation’s One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test to examine factors related to the osteoporosis risk of institutional caregivers. In this cross-sectional study, a self-developed structured questionnaire comprising the One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test was used to obtain data on the caregivers’ demographic data, health habits, working style, and osteoporosis risk. Seven disability welfare institutions were selected as research sites, and 465 copies of questionnaires were distributed to the institutions’ employees, with 455 valid responses collected for a valid return rate of 98%. SPSS for Windows (Version 20.0) was used to analyze questionnaire data; descriptive-statistical frequency, a χ2 test, and logistic regression were used to determine the correlation between demographic data, health habits, working style, and osteoporosis risk. The results revealed that primary risk factors include <30 min of daily exercise (38%), lack of dairy product or calcium tablet intake (28%), and <10 min of daily outdoor activity or not taking vitamin D supplements (29.9%). In total, 395 (86.8%) of the respondents scored less than 5 in the osteoporosis risk test; the remaining 60 (13.2%) scored 5 or higher, revealing a high risk of early osteoporosis. An independent variable analysis revealed that the risk factors of early osteoporosis include age, education level, having undergone bone density tests, prior disease diagnosis, long-term medication use, physical fitness, dietary habits, and average time of exposure to sunlight. In the multivariate analysis, poor physical fitness (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–4.27, p = 0.023) and average daily time of exposure to sunlight (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.59–2.59, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with osteoporosis risk. In other words, respondents with poor physical fitness were 2.18 times as likely to have osteoporosis as those with good physical fitness, and those exposed to sunlight for 30 min or longer every day were 0.24 times as likely to have osteoporosis as those exposed to sunlight for less than 30 min every day. Accordingly, institutions must encourage employees to spend more time in the sun every day and improve their physical fitness through exercise.

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“…Osteoporosis is the most common silent disease with the thirdhighest incidence in the aging population. 1 The important public health problem has added an increased incidence of fractures, disabilities, deprived quality of life with increased mortality in the aging population of developing countries. [1][2][3] Bone turnover is the process of bone resorption followed by replacement by new bone formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The important public health problem has added an increased incidence of fractures, disabilities, deprived quality of life with increased mortality in the aging population of developing countries. [1][2][3] Bone turnover is the process of bone resorption followed by replacement by new bone formation. Osteoclast and osteoblast are the main cells involved in this process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers for Impending Risk of Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women

2021

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak

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The burden of osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: a scorecard and economic model

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis

Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis

Early Osteoporosis Risks and Associated Factors among Caregivers Working in Disability Institutions: IOF One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Check

Biomarkers for Impending Risk of Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women

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