The bumpy road towards network convergence in China: The case of over-the-top streaming services

Abstract

The decoupling of content and distribution platform has changed television irrevocably. Potential opportunities promised by the integration of telecommunications, broadcast and Internet networks means television has become a strategic highland for relevant stakeholders including industry players and state regulators. In China, network convergence has been on the state agenda since the turn of the century, but has remained stubbornly hard to move forward. This article starts with a brief overview of the state policy development in relation to the three-network convergence. It then zooms in onto the case of over-the-top streaming as a microcosm of the convergence project by examining two critical moments in its development trajectory, highlighting a short-lived early experiment in 2005 and a more recent wave of solutions since 2010. It offers a contextualised analysis of market evolution and state regulatory approaches in this space as power negotiations play out in multiple dimensions including those between the state and market, between the central and local, and between sectorial interests. By doing so, this article reveals contestations, contradictions and challenges in the state-engineered convergence project.

Internet-Distributed Television Research: A Provocation

“…In authoritarian and illiberal regimes, internet-distributed television is already controlled and closely monitored by governments, alongside social media. 11 In liberal democracies, some services are already governed by policy in the sense that they benefit from public support, 12 and there are many proposals for interventions in the production and distribution of content and at the level of market competition. There is no reason to imagine that internet-distributed services cannot be licensed and regulated if governments wish to do so-with the proviso of course that informal services will persist alongside regulated media.…”

Triple play, OTT TV, and the Chinese logic of “select commercialization”

“…Yet, regardless of how we name such control mechanismssafe-content regulation or differential zoning-it is clear that China has moved steadfastly toward a selective commercialization and that its convergence with global digital capitalism is a stateengineered project (Bai, 2005;Y. Zhao, 2008;E. J. Zhao, 2017).…”

Creative Subversion: Staking a Claim for Critical Qualitative Inquiry

“…Zhao (2017) studied the power negotiations between entrenched interest groups, Chinese bureaucracy, and social groups in the dynamics of market regulations related to telecommunications, broadcast, internet networks, and TV and observed that. .…”