The building stone of the Roman city of Dougga (Tunisia): Provenance, petrophysical characterisation and durability

Zoghlami, Karima; Martín‐Martín, Juan Diego; Gómez‐Gras, David; Navarro, Antonia; Parcerisa, David; Rosell, Joan Ramón

doi:10.1016/j.crte.2017.09.017

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Geology, specifically the study of heritage stones, provides archaeologists with information about the types of stones used, historical quarries, degree of decay and solutions for conservation (Přikryl and Török, 2010;Zoghlami et al, 2017a;. Knowledge, conservation and protection of heritage stones makes it possible to develop programs contributing to the diversification of tourism and economy (Belhaj et al, 2016;Ehling, 2018;Migaszewski and Mader, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation

et al. 2021

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation

et al. 2021

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“…The identification and characterization of building stones used in the construction of archaeological sites is a key tool to evaluate deterioration processes and improve future restoration works (Zoghlami et al, 2017). Deterioration of building stones by weathering is a natural process that occurs in all type of rocks exposed to atmospheric environment (Siedel and Siegesmund, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, many alteration studies have been carried out in the laboratory to observe the behaviour of building stones to diverse weathering agents (Benavente, 2011;Goudie, 1999). Rock alteration studies have focused over the last decades on sedimentary rocks, and most particularly on limestones and arenites (Dessandier et al, 1997;Martínez-Martínez et al, 2017a, b;Zoghlami et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization

Ajanaf

Gómez‐Gras

Navarro

et al. 2020

GeA

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The characterization of building materials is a key tool to assess deterioration processes and improve potential restoration works of archaeological sites. The aim of this paper is to identify and characterize the most important building stones used in the construction of the Roman city of Lixus (Larache, Morocco) by means of petrographic and petrophysical techniques. Based on the visual analysis of the monuments, three major building stones (i.e. lithotypes) have been identified: i) Oligocene sandstones, ii) Quaternary sandstones and iii) Quaternary conglomerates. Based on the analysis of the regional geology and exploitation marks, these three lithotypes have been recognised to crop out in the surroundings of Lixus and the quarries, presumably Roman in origin, recognized. The Oligocene sandstone is the primary building stone in Lixus as it forms and crops out extensively in the Tchemmis hill, at the top of which the city is settled. The Quaternary sandstones and conglomerates, which represent nearshore deposits and eolianites, crop out along the Atlantic coast where they form part of the cliffs next to Larache. Petrographic results indicate that lithotypes differ notably in grain size, ratio of detrital to allochemical components, and the configuration of their porous system. Mechanical analysis shows that the Oligocene sandstones are more resistant to compression than the Quaternary sandstones and conglomerates, the latter exhibiting relatively low compressive strength. The Oligocene sandstones, which display scarce porosity and permeability, show a hydric behaviour characterized by a very low degree of absorption and desorption water, likely resulting from a poor connectivity of the pore network. Contrary to the latter lithotype, the Quaternary sandstones, which exhibit very high porosity and permeability, display a hydric behaviour characterized by high degree of both absorption and desorption of water. This is attributed to the low degree of cementation compared to porosity of this lithotype and the excellent connectivity of the porous network. Finally, Oligocene and Quaternary sandstones do not show a significant weight loss after the accelerated artificial aging test, indicating that both are slightly affected by salt crystallization and presumably ice formation. Results indicate that the relatively fine state of conservation of the building rocks of Lixus is linked to intrinsic factors such as mineralogy and petrophysical characteristics together with the favourable effect of the climatic condition of the study area.

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“…Carbonate-based rocks are always the indispensable materials for the stone building heritages, e.g., the mural paintings of the underground three-chambers tombs were drew on carbonate substrates [1]; the builings of the Roman City of Dougga (Tunisia) were constructed by the Eocene nummulitic carbonate rock [2]; the Kylin carved-stone in Kylin countryside (Nanjing, China) was also made from the carbonate rock. After a long historical period, the stone buildings could be deteriorated when water penetrates into them, due to the carbonate dissolution, freezing/thawing cycles or crystallization/precipitation, and biological degradation [3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, characterization and application of fluorinated acrylate copolymer emulsion for the conservation of stone building heritages in Putuo Zongcheng Temple, China

Chang

Cao

Wang

2020

Preprint

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Recently, the stone building heritages in Putuo Zongcheng Temple are experiencing a certain degree of weathering damage, which mainly manifests in the blistering, fissuring, flaking and detachment of the carved balustrades of stone bridge, the footings of wall, the front paws and pedestals of stone lions. To prevent the deterioration of the stone building heritages, the fluorinated acrylate copolymer emulsion was successfully prepared with ethyl metrhacrylate, n-butyl acrylate and 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate as monomers. The structure and surface morphology characteristics of this copolymer were described the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The FTIR spectra confirms that the adopted monomers have been involved in during the copolymer polymerization process. The SEM images reveal that the surface of the prepared copolymer is obviously more dense, compact and smooth than the porous structure of stone building heritages. The ageing resistance of the copolymer was quantitatively studied by the ultraviolet aging test, the contact angle and imbibition spontaneous tests were adopted to estimate the wettability alteration of the copolymer emulsion for the stone samples. Results show that the mass loss rate of the prepared copolymer increases rapidly and then tends to be stable when irradiated by ultraviolet light. And the fluorinated copolymer with 16.65% HFMA content possesses the optimal ageing resistance and the superb hydrophobicity. The contact angles of the coated stone samples range from 91.90o to 119.80o, which are all larger than 18.80o-69.05o of the un-coated samples. Similarly, the spontaneous imbibition test also ensures that, both the maximum water absorption capacity and the imbibition equilibrium time of the samples treated by this copolymer emulsion are lesser. Considering the influence of water on rock weathering, the fluorinated copolymer emulsion coating is an potential method to avoid the degrading of stone building heritages, because it depresses the infiltration of water and then avoids or weakens the dissolution effect, salt crystallization, water absorption swelling and freeze-thaw weathering.

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The building stone of the Roman city of Dougga (Tunisia): Provenance, petrophysical characterisation and durability

Cited by 26 publications

References 29 publications

Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation

Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation

The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization

Preparation, characterization and application of fluorinated acrylate copolymer emulsion for the conservation of stone building heritages in Putuo Zongcheng Temple, China

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