The Broadband Penetration in Europe

Abstract

In this article we estimate the determinants of broadband penetration in Europe. We use data from the European Innovation Scoreboard of the European Commission for 37 countries in the period 2010-2019. We apply Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, WLS, OLS and Dynamic Panel. We found that the level of “Broadband Penetration” in Europe is positively associated to “Enterprises Providing ICT Training”, “Innovative Sales Share”, “Intellectual Assets”, “Knowledge-Intensive Service Exports”, “Turnover Share SMEs”, “Innovation Friendly Environment” and negatively associated with “Government procurement of advanced technology products”, “Sales Impact”, “Firm Investments”, “Opportunity-Driven Entrepreneurship”, “Most Cited Publications”, “Rule of Law”. In adjunct we perform a clusterization with k-Means algorithm optimized with the Silhouette Coefficient and we find the presence of three different clusters. Finally, we apply eight machine learning algorithms to predict the level of “Broadband Penetration” in Europe and we find that the Polynomial Regression algorithm is the best predictor and that the level of the variable is expected to increase of 10,4%.

The Determinants of Lifelong Learning in Europe

“…Furthermore, it is necessary that the investment in promotion policies for Lifelong Learning are also associated with programs for the development of internet networks (Leogrande et al, 2021a). In fact, Lifelong Learning acquires greater value in the presence of an orientation towards digitization.…”

ICT Specialists in Europe

“…The possibility for ICT workers to participate in the wide phenomenon of digitization essentially depends on the complex of training tools made available to Russian students and workers through the university system and through training within companies. Furthermore, it should also be considered that the presence of ICT specialists can be significantly associated with broadband penetration [21], fixed broadband [22], the price of broadband [23] ,egovernment [24], and the technologies used in production lines [25]. The article continues as follows: the second paragraph presents an analysis of the correlation matrix, the third paragraph contains an analysis of econometric models, the fourth paragraph refers to predictive analysis, the fifth paragraph analyzes the prediction with use of augmented data, the sixth paragraph concludes.…”

ICT Specialists in Europe

“…The possibility for ICT workers to participate in the wide phenomenon of digitization essentially depends on the complex of training tools made available to Russian students and workers through the university system and through training within companies. Furthermore, it should also be considered that the presence of ICT specialists can be significantly associated with broadband penetration [21], fixed broadband [22], the price of broadband [23] ,egovernment [24], and the technologies used in production lines [25]. The article continues as follows: the second paragraph presents an analysis of the correlation matrix, the third paragraph contains an analysis of econometric models, the fourth paragraph refers to predictive analysis, the fifth paragraph analyzes the prediction with use of augmented data, the sixth paragraph concludes.…”