The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders

Ford, Tamsin; Goodman, Robert; Meltzer, Howard

doi:10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011

Cited by 1,037 publications

(904 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In both samples, ODD and any anxiety remained strongly associated with ADHD after adjustment, for the presence of other diagnoses, but depression was no longer associated after the adjustment. This finding is consistent with other recent reports (Costello et al 2003;Ford et al 2003). It also indicates the need for further research on the extent to which comorbidity between disorders may be explained by the presence of other disorders (Ford et al 2003).…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

“…This finding is consistent with other recent reports (Costello et al 2003;Ford et al 2003). It also indicates the need for further research on the extent to which comorbidity between disorders may be explained by the presence of other disorders (Ford et al 2003).With regard to impairment, the rank order of differences in global impairment levels found between groups across populations was similar. These results indicate that the ADHD comorbid group is more globally impaired than the other non-comorbid groups after adjusting for demographic variables, independently of whether children are sampled from clinics or the community.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…Also, recent findings from community studies suggest that the significant association between two disorders may be explained by the presence of other disorders. For example, the comorbidity of ADHD with a depressive disorder may be specific to that disorder or due to an indirect association between these two with anxiety disorders (Costello et al 2003;Ford et al 2003). It is important to determine if ADHD comorbidity is specific to a given disorder or due to a pattern of associations across disorders in community and in clinical samples.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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ADHD Correlates, Comorbidity, and Impairment in Community and Treated Samples of Children and Adolescents

Bauermeister

Shrout

Ramírez

et al. 2007

J Abnorm Child Psychol

125

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Patterns of correlates, comorbidity and impairment associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and youth were examined in representative samples from the community and from treatment facilities serving medically indigent youth in Puerto Rico. Information from caretakers and youths was obtained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, (version IV), measures of global impairment, and a battery of potential correlates. In the community (N=1,896) and the treated samples (N=763), 7.5 and 26.2% of the children, respectively, met criteria for DSM-IVADHD in the previous year. Although the prevalence rates and degree of impairment differed, the general patterns of correlates, comorbidity and impairment were similar in both populations. The exceptions were associated with conduct disorder, anxiety, impairment in the ADHD comorbid group, and age factors that appeared to be related to selection into treatment. Keywords ADHD; Correlates; Prevalence; Comorbidity; Hispanic/LatinoThe clinical research literature has consistently shown that Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (American Psychiatric Association 1994) is a disabling disorder that affects individuals across the lifespan (Barkley et al. 1990;. However, it is not clear whether the patterns of correlates, comorbidity, and impairment of the disorder in treated samples are the same for persons identified with ADHD in probability community samples. Studying the differences in patterns is important because findings from treatment samples can be biased due to selection effects that Cohen and Cohen (1984) called, "the clinician's illusion." They argued that bias can arise because clinical studies tend to focus on persons with more chronic and severe manifestations of the disorder. Insofar as these selection effects are ignored when looking at patterns of correlates, comorbidity, and impairment, the estimates of the associations related to these patterns can be affected by statistical bias known as Berkson's bias (Angold et al. 1999;Berkson 1950). To estimate the extent of the bias, it is necessary to compare findings in treated samples and epidemiological samples, using similar study designs and measures.Treatment-referred samples are appropriate for studies that aim to generalize findings to children who receive services in clinics, and also for studies that provide initial descriptions of rare disorders when the concern is identification of potential risk factors, or when very little developmental epidemiological research has been done (Angold et al. 1999). However, when evaluating results from treated cases, researchers must keep in mind the likelihood that these cases have more symptomatology, are more impaired, and usually constitute a higher burden to caregivers than children not receiving services. Also, minority/ethnic groups and prepubertal girls may be underrepresented in clinical samples (Goodman et al. 1997). Epidemiological studies that obtain representative community samples are designed to provid...

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supporting

confidence: 93%

supporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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ADHD Correlates, Comorbidity, and Impairment in Community and Treated Samples of Children and Adolescents

Bauermeister

Shrout

Ramírez

et al. 2007

J Abnorm Child Psychol

125

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“…The number of positive cases in our sample was limitedonly 0.7% of children had a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression and 1% satisfied the criteria for anxiety. Although the prevalence of depressive disorder is low in early adolescence (Costello et al 2006;Shanahan et al 2011), the prevalence of DAWBA-assessed depression and anxiety diagnoses in 13-15 year olds has been shown to be respectively 2.5% and 5%, in a nationally representative UK sample (Ford et al 2003). These figures are higher than in this study, which could be explained by selective drop out: the ALSPAC participants who consistently participated were less likely to have a psychiatric diagnosis (Wolke et al 2009a).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Peer Victimization in Childhood and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Zwierzynska

Wolke

Lereya

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

226

164

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Traumatic childhood experiences have been found to predict later internalizing problems. This prospective longitudinal study investigated whether repeated and intentional harm doing by peers (peer victimization) in childhood predicts internalizing symptoms in early adolescence. 3692 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), as well as their mothers and teachers, reported on bullying in childhood (7-10 years) and internalizing problems in early adolescence (11-14 years). Controlling for prior psychopathology, family adversity, gender and IQ, being a victim of bullying was associated with higher overall scores, as well as increased odds of scoring in the severe range (>90 th percentile) for emotional and depression symptoms. Victims were also more likely to show persistent depression symptoms over a 2-year period. These associations were found independent of whether mothers, teachers or the children reported on bullying. It is concluded that peer victimization in childhood is a precursor of both short-lived and persistent internalizing symptoms, underlining the importance of environmental factors such as peer relationships in the etiology of internalizing problems.

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“…27 Prior to entry into the study, all probands underwent clinical evaluations by a paediatrician or child psychiatrist and both existing and new patients were included in the study. Wherever possible, families withdrew stimulant medication for 1 week prior to research assessments to allow for more accurate ascertainment of the current level of ADHD symptoms and behaviours.…”

Section: Subjects and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes

et al. 2006

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, starting in early childhood and persisting into adulthood in the majority of cases. Family and twin studies have demonstrated the importance of genetic factors and candidate gene association studies have identified several loci that exert small but significant effects on ADHD. To provide further clarification of reported associations and identify novel associated genes, we examined 1038 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 51 candidate genes involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter pathways, particularly dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin pathways, in addition to circadian rhythm genes. Analysis used within family tests of association in a sample of 776 DSM-IV ADHD combined type cases ascertained for the International Multi-centre ADHD Gene project. We found nominal significance with one or more SNPs in 18 genes, including the two most replicated findings in the literature: DRD4 and DAT1. Gene-wide tests, adjusted for the number of SNPs analysed in each gene, identified associations with TPH2, ARRB2, SYP, DAT1, ADRB2, HES1, MAOA and PNMT. Further studies will be needed to confirm or refute the observed associations and their generalisability to other samples. Molecular Psychiatry (2006) 11, 934-953.

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The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders

Cited by 1,037 publications

References 28 publications

ADHD Correlates, Comorbidity, and Impairment in Community and Treated Samples of Children and Adolescents

ADHD Correlates, Comorbidity, and Impairment in Community and Treated Samples of Children and Adolescents

Peer Victimization in Childhood and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes

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