The bricks of Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey): a new hypothesis to explain their compositional difference

Taranto, Mirco; Barba, Luís; Blancas, Jorge; Bloise, Andrea; Cappa, Marco; Chiaravalloti, Francesco; Crisci, Gino Mirocle; Cura, Murat; Angelis, Daniela De; Luca, Raffaella De; Lezzerini, Marco; Pecci, Alessandra; Miriello, Domenico

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.009

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…The works were completed in 562. During the following centuries, the building suffered other severe damage, a great fire broke out in 859, an earthquake in 869, while in 1346, the collapse of some structural elements caused the building to close until 1354 [40].…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cognition Role to Understanding Planning and Architectural Production

2021

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This paper focuses on the concept of cognition and its clarification in the light of Islamic epistemology. Knowledge passes through two essential parts: conception and assent. Conception explains simple knowledge, while assent explains knowledge involving a judgment. The paper proceeded with the identification of the problem of relationship blurring between cognition and knowledge. The external and inner senses have explained the relationship between the stages of knowledge and cognition. The external senses receive stimuli and form primary conceptions. These conceptions transfer to the first part of the inner senses, which is common sense; it collects the sensations and transmits them to pictorial power. Secondary conceptions are formed, accompanied by feeling. Then, the estimative power role emerges in imparting meaning to be stored in memory, here knowledge is suspicion, and the perception is achieved. Finally, the images reach the thinking power to impart the specific meaning of the image, which constitutes cognition. Using the Hagia Sophia Case Study, the paper reached important indices in clarifying the cognition stages and understanding of planning and architectural production. These indices were represented by: color, scale, lighting, the harmony of the building with its surroundings, and the meanings associated with cultural, social, and civilized values. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091715 Full Text: PDF

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Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cognition Role to Understanding Planning and Architectural Production

2021

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“…The basilica of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul) 532-537 AC is the most representative building of this time. The marble used for the floor and ceiling was quarried from Anatolia (present-day eastern Turkey) and Syria, while bricks (used in the walls and parts of the floor) are from different construction phases with different clays composition [126]. The interior of Hagia Sophia is lined with enormous stone slabs sourced from multilple places: Green marble of Karystos (Greece), rose-colored marble from Phrygia (Turkey) [127], red Imperial porphyry from Egypt [128], Green porphyry from Sparta (Greece), buff lassikos from Caria (Turkey), white-yellowish marble from Lydia (Turkey), gold-colored marble from Libya, chunky black and white Celticum breccia (so-called marmum celticum) from France, honey-colored onyx from Pamukkale (Turkey), green Verde Antique serpentinite breccia from Thessaly (Greece) [129,130], white marble from Proconnesos (Turkey) [131] and the grey-colored marble from Vosporos (Greece) [132].…”

Section: Early Middle Agesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Freire-Lista

2021

Heritage

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Human activity has required, since its origins, stones as raw material for carving, construction and rock art. The study, exploration, use and maintenance of building stones is a global phenomenon that has evolved from the first shelters, manufacture of lithic tools, to the construction of houses, infrastructures and monuments. Druids, philosophers, clergymen, quarrymen, master builders, naturalists, travelers, architects, archaeologists, physicists, chemists, curators, restorers, museologists, engineers and geologists, among other professionals, have worked with stones and they have produced the current knowledge in heritage stones. They are stones that have special significance in human culture. In this way, the connotation of heritage in stones has been acquired over the time. That is, the stones at the time of their historical use were simply stones used for a certain purpose. Therefore, the concept of heritage stone is broad, with cultural, historic, artistic, architectural, and scientific implications. A historical synthesis is presented of the main events that marked the use of stones from prehistory, through ancient history, medieval times, and to the modern period. In addition, the main authors who have written about stones are surveyed from Ancient Roman times to the middle of the twentieth century. Subtle properties of stones have been discovered and exploited by artists and artisans long before rigorous science took notice of them and explained them.

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“…[1][2][3][4] The use of XRF and XRD techniques for investigating the chemical and mineralogical composition of bricks has been reported in several articles available in the literature. [5][6][7] The most common use of this technique has been to determine the characteristics of bricks in the framework of research on historical buildings to elucidate hypotheses on construction phases, potential trade interactions between communities, and conservation purposes. In this work, XRF and XRD techniques are applied to investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition of bricks sampled from historical sites located in Pernambuco, a state in the northeastern region of Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X‐ray spectrometry applied for characterization of bricks of Brazilian historical sites

et al. 2020

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This paper presents the results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of bricks sampled from historical places in Pernambuco, a state in the northeastern region of Brazil. In this study, twenty bricks found in historical sites were analyzed. Two bricks made in the 17th century, presumably used as ballast in ships coming from Holland, five locally manufactured bricks: one from 18th century, three from 19th century, and one from 20th century, and thirteen bricks collected from a recent Archeological investigation of Alto da Sé, in the town of Olinda. Qualitative determination of the chemical elements present in the samples was undertaken using a self-assembled portable XRF system based on a compact X-ray tube and a thermoelectrically cooled Si-PIN photodiode system, both commercially available. X-ray diffraction analysis was also carried out to assess the crystalline mineral phases present in the bricks. The results showed that quartz (SiO 2) is the major mineral content in all bricks. Although less expressive in the XRD patterns, mineral phases of illite, kaolinite, anorthite, and rutile are also identified. The trace element distribution patterns of the bricks, determined by the XRF technique, is dominated by Fe and, in decreasing order, by K, Ti, Ca, Mn, Zr, Rb, Sr, Cr, and Y with slight differences among them. Analyses of the chemical compositional features of the bricks, evaluated by principal component analysis of the XRF datasets, allowed the samples to be grouped into five clusters with similar chemical composition. These cluster groups were able to identify both age and manufacturing sites. Dutch bricks prepared with different geological clays compositions were defined.

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The bricks of Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey): a new hypothesis to explain their compositional difference

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

The Cognition Role to Understanding Planning and Architectural Production

The Cognition Role to Understanding Planning and Architectural Production

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

X‐ray spectrometry applied for characterization of bricks of Brazilian historical sites

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