“…Bulk sandstone cubes were extracted from a quarry in Queensland, Australia, cut into 50 mm-sized cubes, ground on all six faces to ensure their smoothness and perpendicularity, and oven-dried at 50°C for 24 hr before testing, based on past studies [35,36,37]. A multi-functional true triaxial testing facility is available in the Geotechnical Engineering Centre (GEC) at The University of Queensland, with the ability to conduct three-dimensional loading through orthogonal loading platens in the direction of major (𝜎 1 ), intermediate (𝜎 2 ) and minor (𝜎 3 ) principal stresses, measure rock permeability with up to 10 MPa pressure, hydraulic fracture up to 52 MPa hydraulic pressure, coupled thermo-mechanical testing with an elevated temperature up to 100°C, and designed to accommodate AE and ultrasonic for the assessment of progressive damage [38,39] (Figure 2).…”