The book of antelopes

Abstract

ao I'LEMltNTARY FORliSTRY. sul)ject, 1 (|Uolc the following cxli-acl on fnrcst iiillucncL-s from the report of the Forestry Di\ision of the U. S. Department of A^ricnlture for 18S9, witli a fe\v changes in tfie nature of abbreviations:"Tile water capital of the earth may be regarded as consisting of two parts, the fixed capital and the circulating capital.The first is represented not only in the waters on the earth but also by that amount of water which remains suspended in the atmosphere, being part of the original atmospheric water-masses which, after the rest had fallen to the cooled earth, remained in suspension and is never precipitated.'S2 ELEMENTARY FORESI'RV. and this factor, being under the control ol human agency more tlian any other possible modifier of climate, must therefore be of greatest interest to us.It is clear, from what has been stated so far, that the influences of the forest, if any, will be due mainly to its action as a cover protectin.g the soil and air against insolation and against winds. That the nature of a cover, its density, thickness, and its proper position has everything to do with the amount of protection it affords, everybody will admit. A mosquito net is a cover, so is a linen sheet or a woolen blanket, yet the protection they afford is different in degree and may become practically none. It will also be conceded that it makes a great dilTcrcnce whether the cover be placed before or behind the wind. Just so with the influence of the forest; it makes all the difference whether we have to do with a deciduous or coniferous, a dense or an open, a young low or an old high growth, and what position it occupies with reference to other climatic elements, especially to prevailing winds and water surfaces. In the following discussions, when the word forest is used, unless dift'ercntly stated, a dense .growth of timber is meant. ELEMENTS OF DISSIPATION.33 our forests will come a much more rigorous climate and a decrease in rainfall.But the records of the weather bureau do not show that there is any connection between the two or that there has been any apparent change in the general climate or amount of rainfall due to the removal of our forests. The flow of water in most of our rivers, and in many cases the flow of water from springs, and the height of the water table in the land, have been most seriously affected by the removal of our forests and should be regarded as the ways by which our water supply is to suffer most severely from deforestation.] DISPOSAL OF WATER SUPPLIES."Given a certain amount of precipitation in rain or snow over a certain area, the disposal of the water after it has fallen, and the influence of the forest cover on its disposal, require our attention.For the sake of convenience we can divide the elements which need consideration in this discussion into elements of dissipation, elements of conservation, elements of distribution.''The difterence in effect between the first two classes of elements will give us an idea of the amount of available water supply or ...

Procapra picticaudata(Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

“…1; Hodgson 1846), Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii- Sclater and Thomas 1898), Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa- Sokolov and Lushchekina 1997), and goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa- Kingswood and Blank 1996). Several keys for Procapra have been published (Lydekker and Blaine 1914;MacKinnon 2008;Sokolov and Lushchekina 1997), and summarized physical differences among species.…”

“…The 1st description of P. picticaudata was provided by Hodgson (1846) and amended by Przewalski (1876), Blanford (1888), Sclater and Thomas (1898), Blaine (1914), andAllen (1940): small, slender, but compact body with long and fine limbs; coloration grizzled by light tips of hair and varying dorsally from light sandy fawn in winter to gray or slate gray in summer, and white ventrally (Blanford 1888); rufous brown posteriorly on the edges of a whitish, heart-shaped rump patch (Sclater and Thomas 1898) surrounding a short, black-tipped tail (80-90 mm-Feng et al 1986;Li et al 1989;Schaller 1998), which is bare on the underside; no lateral or face markings; muzzle with hairs ''elongated … to form a sort of lateral tuft, which extends backwards under the eyes'' (Sclater and Thomas 1898:72); little to ''no trace of moist rhinarium '' (Allen 1940;Groves 2000;Hodgson 1846;Pocock 1918:128); large eyes; long, narrow, pointed ears; main hooves anteriorly compressed and posteriorly wide and rounded; dew claws ''large, but obtuse'' (Hodgson 1846:336); lacking metatarsal, inguinal, and preorbital glands, and associated lachrymal fossa but having 4 small interdigital glands and postcornual sinus (Pocock 1910(Pocock , 1918; and small testes in a ''neat hairy scrotum'' (Hodgson 1846:337).…”

“…Most morphological and phylogenetic analyses recognize Procapra in western China, Mongolia, and southern Russia as an independent, gazellelike lineage with unique characteristics (narrow nasals [Pilgrim 1939]; modestly patterned pelage, hornless females [Groves 1967]; and presumed primitive karyotype [Effron et al 1976;Groves 2000;Orlov et al 1978;Sokolov and Lushchekina 1997]). Some taxonomists have included these western Asian species in Gazella (Brooke 1873;Sclater and Thomas 1898;Ward et al 1914), or at least considered them to have arisen from an old lineage of Gazella (Heptner et al 1989). Procapra has been used generically, and sometimes subgenerically, to distinguish picticaudata, gutturosa, and przewalskii from other gazelles.…”

Toxoplasmosis in Nilgais (Boselaphus Tragocamelus) and a Saiga Antelope (Saiga Tatarica)

“…-Koppiker and Sabnis (1981) describe hairs from B. tragocamelus that are 23-27 cm in length (collection site on the body not specified), 140 mm in diameter at the proximal end, and fragile and easily broken; scales are imbricate with flattened edges; color is nearly white proximally and gradually changes to brown or black distally (color and length match those from the nape of the neck described by Sclater and Thomas [1900]). Abnormally lightcolored (almost white but not albino) individuals were observed twice in Sariska National Park in Rajasthan, India (Ranjitsinh 1987); unusual coloration also was noted on a captive female that had large white spots on the neck and trunk, both sides of her body, and buttocks (Smielowski 1987).…”

“…2). Both sexes have a short and bristly mane that extends the length of the neck and terminates in tuft at the base of the neck (hog-mane-Sclater and Thomas 1900); the mane and hog-mane are darker and more prominent in adult males than females and other age classes (Blanford 1888;Schaller 1967;Sclater and Thomas 1900).…”