The birth of electronics: Thermionic emission and vacuum

Redhead, P. A.

doi:10.1116/1.581157

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Ten NEG modules [4] surround the cathode/anode gap in the gun vacuum chamber providing extensive pumping of hydrogen gas, which is the dominant gas species in steel UHV systems [5]. A differential ion (DI) pump [6] located downstream of the anode pumps gasses that are poorly pumped by the NEG pumps, such as noble gasses and methane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the CEBAF 100kV DC GaAs photoelectron gun vacuum system

Stutzman

Adderley

Brittian

et al. 2007

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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A vacuum system with pressure in the low ultra-high vacuum (UHV) range is essential for long photocathode lifetimes in DC high voltage GaAs photoguns. A discrepancy between predicted and measured base pressure in the CEBAF photoguns motivated this study of outgassing rates of three 304 stainless steel chambers with different pretreatments and pump speed measurements of non-evaporable getter (NEG) pumps. Outgassing rates were measured using two independent techniques. Lower outgassing rates were achieved by electropolishing and vacuum firing the chamber. The second part of the paper describes NEG pump speed measurements as a function of pressure through the lower part of the UHV range. Measured NEG pump speed is high at pressures above 5 Â 10 À11 Torr, but may decrease at lower pressures depending on the interpretation of the data. The final section investigates the pump speed of a locally produced NEG coating applied to the vacuum chamber walls. These studies represent the first detailed vacuum measurements of CEBAF photogun vacuum chambers. r

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the CEBAF 100kV DC GaAs photoelectron gun vacuum system

Stutzman

Adderley

Brittian

et al. 2007

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…The vacuum diode was inadvertently invented in 1883 by Edison, four years after he demonstrated the operation of the incandescent light bulb. 4,5 Edison's incandescent light bulb employed a conducting filament initially constructed of carbonized bamboo. These filaments lasted only for a few hours before depositing carbon black on the inner glass surface of the bulbs, rendering the bulbs useless.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although Edison did nothing further with the Edison effect, it did not go unnoticed by Ambrose Fleming, who, in 1896, noted the rectifying character of the thermionic diode and recognized the electronic implications of electrical rectification. 5 Fleming went on to join the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. in En-gland, where in 1904 he developed and patented ͑under British law͒ the vacuum tube diode detector for radiofrequency. 5 Most vacuum tube technology makes use of the property that when a solid is heated to sufficiently high temperatures, some of the electrons possess enough kinetic energy to leave the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Fleming went on to join the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. in En-gland, where in 1904 he developed and patented ͑under British law͒ the vacuum tube diode detector for radiofrequency. 5 Most vacuum tube technology makes use of the property that when a solid is heated to sufficiently high temperatures, some of the electrons possess enough kinetic energy to leave the surface. This phenomenon is known as thermionic emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On thermionic emission and the use of vacuum tubes in the advanced physics laboratory

Angiolillo

2009

American Journal of Physics

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Two methods are outlined for measuring the charge-to-mass ratio e / m e of the electron using thermionic emission as exploited in vacuum tube technology. One method employs the notion of the space charge in the vacuum tube diode as described by the Child-Langmuir equation; the other method uses the electron trajectories in vacuum tube pentodes with cylindrical electrodes under conditions of orthogonally related electric and magnetic fields ͑the Hull magnetron method͒. The vacuum diode method gave e / m e = 1.782Ϯ 0.166ϫ 10 +11 C / kg ͑averaged over the vacuum diodes studied͒, and the Hull magnetron method gave e / m e = 1.779Ϯ 0.208ϫ 10 +11 C / kg ͑averaged over both pentodes and the anode voltages studied͒. These methods afford opportunities for students to determine the e / m e ratio without using the Bainbridge tube method and to become familiar with phenomena not normally covered in a typical experimental methods curriculum.

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“…To date, thermionic emitter is the most widely used electron emitter in numerous commercial TWTAs. In a thermionic emission, sharp metallic tips are heated to elevate the temperature (>1000 ˚C) for electron emission [59]. However, several limitations are contained within a thermionic emitter that hinders it from being used in high-frequency and widebandwidth operation for modern TWTAs.…”

Section: 24a Operation Theory Of Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of carbon nanotubes for vacuum electronics application

Lim¹

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First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my PhD supervisor, Professor Tay Beng Kang. His continuous support and guidance are highly appreciated. He has groomed and trained me, not only in the area of research, but also in working well with collaborators and other important professional aspects. I have learned a lot from him throughout this PhD study. On top of that, I would like to acknowledge the financial supports on my research project from the Economic Development Board (EDB) under the project S14-1126-NRF OSTIn-SRP; and COE Research Grant under the project M4081666. At the same time, I would also like to express my gratitude to Nanyang Technology University for the kind opportunity to receive this offer of PhD study with fully-funded scholarship. I would also like to express my appreciations to my co-supervisor, Associate Professor Sheel Aditya, for his endless guidance, especially on the areas of device simulation and manuscript writing. At the same time, I would also like to thank my TAC members, Associate Professor Miao Jianmin and Associate Professor Daniel Chua and their respective students in providing their expertise guidance and support on microfabrication and field emission measurement. My gratitude also goes to the project's external collaborator, Professor Vladimir Labunov from Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, for his support on the microfabrication and Carbon Nanotubes growth. Next, I would also like to thank Professor Yan Xingbin from Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (Chinese Academy of Science), for his support on the synthesis and fabrication of high current density Carbon Nanotubes field emitter. iv I would also like to express my gratitude to my project members, Dr Xia Xin, Dr Wang Shaomeng, and Mr Zishan Ali; and my fellow colleagues for their kind support in various aspects in my PhD research. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family in Malaysia, who constantly provide moral supports whenever I face difficulties and bottlenecks in my research life. To my late father, thank you for everything that you have given to me. You are proud of me, I know it.

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The birth of electronics: Thermionic emission and vacuum

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

Characterization of the CEBAF 100kV DC GaAs photoelectron gun vacuum system

Characterization of the CEBAF 100kV DC GaAs photoelectron gun vacuum system

On thermionic emission and the use of vacuum tubes in the advanced physics laboratory

Development of carbon nanotubes for vacuum electronics application

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