The biosynthesis of trans-Δ3-hexadecenoic acid by Chlorella vulgaris

Nichols, B.W.; Harris, Peter; James, A.T.

doi:10.1016/0006-291x(65)90407-9

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In a previous communication [13] we suggested that it was unlikely that this desaturation of palmitic acid occurs directly on the phosphatidyl glycerol molecule. This argument was based on observations that in spinach leaf palmitic acid does not occur on the 2-position of phosphatidyl glycerol [lo] although the trans-hexadecenoate is primarily located in this position.…”

Section: Incorporation and Conversion Of [14c]patty Acids Inmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…I g of lettuce slices was incubated Isolation and Analysis of Lipids Extraction of lipids, the preparation and analysis of (radioactive) methyl esters, and the determination of the position of the label in fatty acids, was carried out as described previously [13]. When desired, the total lipid extract was separated into non-acidic and acidic lipid fractions, or into the individual lipid classes, by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel, as described by Nichols and James [18].…”

Section: Incubations With [14c]a~idsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I n the present experiments, however, we could not find any label accumulation into any of these isomers, all of which should be detected by the chromatographic systems employed. On the other hand, when [3-l4C]-ketopa1mitate, ~~-[3-~~C]-3-hydroxypalmitate or [2-14C]trans-2-hexadecenoate were fcd to Chlorella vulgaris [13], labelled palmitate and trans-3-hexadecenoate were formed. From the data so far obtained, it may be concluded that all these C,,-metabolites are interconvertible in Chlorella vulgaris and lettuce but that palmitate and trans-3-hexadecenoate are the final products.…”

Section: Incorporation and Conversion Of [14c]patty Acids Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I n a previous paper [13], we described the biosynthesis of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid from C,,-acid precursors, but the reason for the specific association of this acid with phosphatidyl glycerol in photosynthetic tissue has remained an intriguing biochemical problem. This report describes studies concerning the metabolic fate of l4C-labelled trans-3-hexadecenoic acid when incubated with whole cells of Chlorella vulgaris and with lettuce leaf tissue, which suggest the reason for this specificity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of trans‐3‐Hexadecenoic Acid by Chlorella vulgaris and by Lettuce Leaf

Bartels¹,

James²,

Nichols³

1967

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The incubation of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid with cells of Chlorella vulgaris, and with lettuce leaf slices, resulted in reduction of the substrate to palmitic acid.Before this reduction was complete, the trans-acid entered all the acyl lipid classes present in the cell.Consequently, the specific location of trans-3-hexadecenoic in the phosphatidyl glycerol fraction of photosynthetic tissues cannot be explained on the basis that lyso-phosphatidyl glycerol is the only lipid capable of 'accepting' this acid. It is more likely that phosphatidyl glycerol or lyso-phosphatidyl glycerol is a required substrate or cofactor for the synthesis of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid from palmitic acid. . The trans-3-hexadecenoic acid is located at the 2-position of phosphatidyl glycerol [8,10] and the major molecular species of this lipid in spinach has been shown to be l-linolenoyl-2(trans-3-hexadecenoyl)-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-l'-glycerol (nomenclature according to Hirschman [ll]). trans-3-Hexadecenoic acid also occurs in some seed oils [12] but in such cases is presumably associated with the triglyceride fraction.

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Section: Incorporation and Conversion Of [14c]patty Acids Inmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Incubations With [14c]a~idsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Incorporation and Conversion Of [14c]patty Acids Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of trans‐3‐Hexadecenoic Acid by Chlorella vulgaris and by Lettuce Leaf

Bartels¹,

James²,

Nichols³

1967

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…This fact was not surprising since fully matured chloroplasts were used in this investigation, whereas the available evidence suggests that the biosynthesis of trans-A3-hexadecenoate may be tightly coupled to the early stages of chloroplast development (9,21,29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Phosphatidylglycerol Synthesis in Spinach Chloroplasts: Characterization of the Newly Synthesized Molecule

Sparace

Mudd²

1982

Plant Physiol.

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Intact chloroplasts from spinach (Spuiacia oleracea L., hybrid 424) readily incorporate I'4Ciglycerol-3-phosphate and 114CIacetate into diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycrol, free fatty acids (only when acetate is the precursor), phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and most notably phosphatidylglycerol. The fraction of phosphatidylglycerol synthesized is greatly increased by the presence of manganese chloride in the reaction mixture. PG2 is an important lipid component ofchloroplasts. Depending on the tissue, it can comprise 60 to 70% of the total chloroplast phospholipid (10). Characterized by the presence of the unusual trans-A3-hexadecenoic acid (11) and its increase during chloroplast development, this unique species of PG has been suggested to have a role in granal stacking (9).While chloroplasts from Euglena can synthesize PG (4-6), conflicting reports (7,16,25) left some question as to whether or not chloroplasts from higher plants can synthesize their own PG. The earlier works of Douce and Guillot-Salomon (7) and Sastry and Kates (25) suggested that PG was synthesized by chloroplasts. These results were cast in doubt when Marshall and Kates (16) determined that PG was not synthesized by chloroplasts, and since then, chloroplasts from higher plants generally have been considered incapable of PG synthesis. Recently, Mudd and DeZacks (20) reexamined chloroplasts from spinach for their capacity to synthesize PG and presented evidence that these higher plant chloroplasts could in fact synthesize their own PG.We have continued these investigations using both radiolabeled G3P and acetate to further establish optimal conditions for PG ' synthesis. We have also subjected the biosynthesized PG to a number of degradative procedures in order to understand the pathway to the newly synthesized PG molecule.MATERIALS AND METHODS Spinach Culture. Spinach seeds (Spinacia oleracea L., hybrid 424; Ferry Morse Seed Company, Mountain View, CA) were germinated and maintained for 10 to 12 d in vermiculite moistened with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution. The seedlings were transferred to hydroponic culture dishes containing nutrient solution and supported by plastic sheets with 1-cm holes and cotton plugs. Seedlings and plants were grown in a growth chamber with a 12-h daylength and maintained at 23°C and 18°C during the daytime and nighttime, respectively.Chloroplast Isolation. Spinach leaves were harvested and homogenized and chloroplasts isolated and purified as described previously (20). Chl determinations were as described by Holden (12).Chloroplast Incubation Conditions and Lipid Extraction. The composition of the standard reaction mixture conditions of incubation and lipid extraction were all as described earlier (20). Variations of these procedures were the use of 2 mm MnCl2 in the standard reaction mixture and substitution of 1 M KCI for the water of the extraction mixtures when phospholipase A2 and Rhizopus arrhizus digestions were performed. When necessary, approximately 500,000 to 60...

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The lipids of the alga Spirulina

Hudson

Karis

1974

J Sci Food Agric

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The blue-green alga, Spirulina maxima, examined in the form of a spray-dried powder, contains 11 % of lipid, which has been analysed in detail with a view to establishing both the classes of lipid present and their fatty acid profiles. The dominant lipids are mono-, di-and probably higher galactosyldiglycerides and phosphatidyl glycerol. Unlike other algae, Spirulina synthesises cis-6-cis-9-cis-12 octadecatrienoic acid in contrast to its 9-12-15 isomer.

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The biosynthesis of trans-Δ3-hexadecenoic acid by Chlorella vulgaris

Cited by 32 publications

References 12 publications

Metabolism of trans‐3‐Hexadecenoic Acid by Chlorella vulgaris and by Lettuce Leaf

Metabolism of trans‐3‐Hexadecenoic Acid by Chlorella vulgaris and by Lettuce Leaf

Phosphatidylglycerol Synthesis in Spinach Chloroplasts: Characterization of the Newly Synthesized Molecule

The lipids of the alga Spirulina

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