The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants

Brasier, C. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01886.x

Cited by 570 publications

(573 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Previous studies (Andjic et al 2007a;c;Burgess et al 2007) have shown no sequence variation in ITS and βT gene regions between T. destructans isolates from Indonesia and China (Table 1). Thus, only the 12 isolates from Thailand and three isolates from Vietnam were sequenced and compared with sequences from Indonesia and China.…”

Section: Dna Sequence Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The clear movement of pests and diseases between continents and countries illustrates the basic failure of quarantine measures to control such movement either due to lack of resources or unregulated pathways (Brasier 2008). Perhaps the most troubling aspect of the seemingly unfettered pathogen movement is that many of these pests and pathogens may have been moved on germplasm by the same forestry companies whose best interests would have been served by excluding them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plants for planting; indirect evidence for the movement of a serious forest pathogen, Teratosphaeria destructans, in Asia

Andjic¹,

Dell

Barber

et al. 2011

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Fungal diseases caused by native pathogens and pathogens introduced with planting stock have a significant impact on exotic plantation forestry in the tropics. Teratosphaeria destructans (formerly Kirramyces destructans) is a serious pathogen causing leaf, bud and shoot blight diseases of Eucalyptus spp. in plantations in the sub-tropics and tropics of south-east Asia. This pathogen was first discovered in Indonesia in 1995 and has subsequently spread to Thailand, China, Vietnam and East Timor. The biology, ecology and genetics of this important pathogen have not been explored yet. The objective of this study was, thus, to determine the genetic diversity and movement of T. destructans throughout south-east Asia using multi-gene phylogenies and microsatellite markers. Out of nine gene regions only two microsatellite markers detected a very low nucleotide polymorphism between isolates; seven other gene regions, ITS, β-tubulin, EF1-α, CHS, ATP6 and two microsatellite loci, reflected genetic uniformity. The two polymorphic molecular markers resolved six haplotypes among isolates from Indonesia and only a single haplotype elsewhere in Asia. The low diversity observed among isolates in the region of the first outbreak is as expected for a small founder population. The spread of a single clone over large distances throughout the region supports the hypothesis of spread via the human-mediated movement of germplasm.

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Section: Dna Sequence Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants for planting; indirect evidence for the movement of a serious forest pathogen, Teratosphaeria destructans, in Asia

Andjic¹,

Dell

Barber

et al. 2011

Eur J Plant Pathol

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“…Furthermore, this study demonstrates the potential for feral pigs to have an active role in the spread of other invasive species including Phytophthora and other soil-borne plant pathogens that infect and colonise plant roots. It is now well documented that hybrid Phytophthora species can become important plant pathogens (Brasier, 2008) and Burgess et al (2010) discovered evidence of extensive and common hybridisation with both sexual and somatic hybridisation among Phytophthora isolates recovered from native forests, woodlands and waterways in Western Australia. Therefore, feral pigs could bring different Phytophthora species in contact with each other which in turn could result in viable pathogenic hybrid species being produced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for dissemination of Phytophthora cinnamomi by feral pigs via ingestion of infected plant material

Williams

Fenwick

et al. 2013

Biol Invasions

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IntroductionCollectively, invasive animals, plants and microbes are a major threat to ecosystems worldwide, yet the compounding impact of invasive species is not widely recognised (van der Putten et al., 2007). Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) present an undefined threat to native ecosystems worldwide through their potential to spread secondary invasive species such as pathogens and weeds. While many animals are capable of acting as vectors for a number of disease agents including microbial pathogens, the nonfastidious diet, foraging habits and home range of feral pigs brings them in direct contact with invasive plant pathogens such as Phytophthora cinnamomi in many of the temperate regions of the world thus increasing the potential cumulative impact of both pigs and pathogens on native and horticultural plant communities (Feio et al., 1999;Martin and Dale, 2001).Feral pigs are a widespread pest species that are present throughout many regions and habitat types of the world (Tierney and Cushman, 2006), and they have been implicated in the decline of 257 and 8 plant and bird species, respectively, in the United States (Gurevitch and Padilla, 2004). They also impact on agricultural production and in Australia alone damage due to feral pigs is estimated to cost in excess of $107 million per annum (McLeod, 2004). The highly invasive plant pathogen P. cinnamomi infects over 3000 plant species worldwide including many agricultural, ornamental and forest species (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996;Hardham, 2005). Shearer et al. (2004) estimated that 2284 (40%) of the 5710 plant species in the South-West Botanical Province of Western Australia are susceptible to P. cinnamomi infection. The pathogen has been estimated to cost the Australian economy $1.6 billion over the course of a decade (Carter, 2004). Despite the introduction of both feral pigs and P. cinnamomi in many temperate habitats worldwide, very little is understood of the compounding potential of these two highly destructive and invasive species. Anecdotally, feral pigs have long been implicated in the spread of P. cinnamomi although relatively little data exists to support these claims.The non-fastidious diet of feral pigs typically incorporates a significant proportion of plant material including woody root material and underground structures (Masters, 1979;Choquenot et al., 1996;Giménez-Anaya et al., 2008), which are the primary sites for infection with P. cinnamomi in susceptible plants (Hardham, 2005;Hardy et al., 2007). Such foraging behaviour presents a means of pathogen dispersal in addition to the transport of contaminated soil. This study investigated the potential for pigs to disseminate viable P. cinnamomi in their faeces following the ingestion of infected plant material. As such we demonstrate the ability of P. cinnamomi to survive passage through the pig digestive tract and the potential for long distance dispersal of the pathogen by feral pigs in native forest ecosystems. Methods Determining pig gastrointestinal passage rate; experimental and pig maintenancePig f...

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“…The accidental movement of fungi to new environments, and the disease epidemics that have subsequently arisen in some cases, has raised increasing concern as the incidence and impact of these introductions has increased (Brasier 2008;DesprezLoustau et al 2007;Liebhold et al 2012;Wingfield et al 2015). The trade in life plants, sometimes also referred to as "plants for planting", and timber have been identified as two of the main pathways of pathogen introductions into new regions (Brasier 2008;Liebhold et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The trade in life plants, sometimes also referred to as "plants for planting", and timber have been identified as two of the main pathways of pathogen introductions into new regions (Brasier 2008;Liebhold et al 2012). It has for example been suggested that the chestnut blight pathogen, C. parasitica, was introduced into the United States of America with living plants (Dutech et al 2012;Milgroom et al 1992), while the most likely route of movement of Chrysoporthe species is still not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophytic Cryphonectriaceae on native Myrtales: Possible origin of Chrysoporthe canker on plantation-grown Eucalyptus

Maússe-Sitoe

Rodas²,

Wingfield

et al. 2016

Fungal Biology

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Chrysoporthe austroafricana (Cryphonectriaceae) is a damaging canker pathogen onEucalyptus species in Southern Africa. Recent studies have shown that the fungus occurs on native Syzygium species and that it has apparently undergone a host range expansion from these native trees to infect non-native Eucalyptus. The aim of this study was to consider whether C. austroafricana and other Cryphonectriaceae might exist as endophytes in native Myrtaceae, providing a source of inoculum to infect non-native Myrtales. Healthy branches were collected from Myrtaceae in 1 Mozambique, incubated in florist foam, allowed to dry gradually and monitored for the appearance of fruiting bodies resembling species in the Cryphonectriaceae.Isolates were identified based on DNA sequence data. Two species in the Cryphonectriaceae were obtained, representing the first evidence that species in the Cryphonectriaceae occur as endophytes on native Myrtales, thus providing a source of inoculum to infect non-native and susceptible trees. This has important implications regarding the movement of planting stock used by ornamental tree and forestry enterprises.

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The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants

Cited by 570 publications

References 52 publications

Plants for planting; indirect evidence for the movement of a serious forest pathogen, Teratosphaeria destructans, in Asia

Plants for planting; indirect evidence for the movement of a serious forest pathogen, Teratosphaeria destructans, in Asia

Potential for dissemination of Phytophthora cinnamomi by feral pigs via ingestion of infected plant material

Endophytic Cryphonectriaceae on native Myrtales: Possible origin of Chrysoporthe canker on plantation-grown Eucalyptus

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